Thirteenth Census of the: United States: 1910 


D E P A R T M E INI T 

OF- COMMERCE 

BULLETIN 

If. 3, 

/ / 

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 

WM. J. HARRIS, Director 


HD 9824 
. A4 
1910 
Copy 3 

FT MEADE 
GenCo11 


MANUFACTURES : 1909 


STATISTICS FOR THE PAPER AND WOOD PULP INDUSTRY 

Prepared under the supervision ot W, M. STEUART, Chief Statistician for Manufactures 


INTRODUCTION. 


This bulletin gives the statistics for the paper and 
wood pulp industry for the calendar year 1909, as 
shown by the Thirteenth Census. It will be reprinted 
as a part of Volume X of the reports of the Thirteenth 
Census. 

The general results of the census inquiry are sum¬ 
marized in certain tables presented in connection with 
the text, while other tables give statistics in detail by 
states. Special tables are also presented in which the 
statistics for the establishments engaged in the paper 
and wood pulp industry are classified according to 
character of ownership, value of products, number of 
wage earners, and prevailing hours of labor, while 
still another set of tables gives detailed information in 
regard to the quantity and cost of materials, the quan¬ 
tity and value of the products, the principal kinds of 
equipment used, and imports and exports. 

Scope of census.—Census statistics of manufactures are compiled 
primarily for the purpose of showing the absolute and relative 
magnitude of the different branches of industry covered and their 
growth or decline. Incidentally the effort is made to present data 
throwing light upon character of ownership, size of establishments, 
and similar subjects. When use is made of the data for these 
purposes it is imperative that due attention should be given to the 
limitations of the figures, particularly in any attempt to derive 
from them figures purporting to show average wages, cost of produc¬ 
tion, or profits. These limitations are fully discussed in the general 
report on manufactures for the United States as a whole (Volume 
VIII of Thirteenth Census Reports) and need not be repeated here. 

The census did not cover establishments which were idle during 
the entire year or had a value of products of less than $500, nor 
the manufacturing done in educational, eleemosynary, and penal 
institutions. 

Period covered.—The returns relate to the calendar year 1909, or 
the business year which corresponded most nearly to that calendar 
year, and cover a year’s operations, except for establishments which 
began or discontinued business during the year. 

The establishment.—As a rule, the term “establishment” repre¬ 
sents a single plant or mill, but in some cases it represents two or 
more plants which were operated under a common ownership or for 
which one set of books of account was kept. 

If, however, the plants constituting an establishment as thus 
defined were not all located within the same city or state, separate 
reports were secured in order that the figures for each plant might 
be included in the statistics for the city or state in which it was 
located. In some instances separate reports were secured for 
different industries carried on in the same establishment. 

Influence of increased prices.—In comparing figures for cost of 
materials, value of products, and value added by manufacture in 
1909 with the corresponding figures for earlier censuses, account 
should be taken of the general increase in the prices of commodities 
13-54-47 


during recent years. To the extent to which this factor has been 
influential the figures fail to afford an exact measure of the increase 
in the volume of business. 

Persons engaged in the industry.—At the censuses of 1899, 1904 ) 
and 1909 the following general classes of persons engaged in 
manufacturing industries were distinguished: (1) Proprietors and 
firm members, (2) salaried officers of corporations, (3) superin¬ 
tendents and managers, (4) clerks (including other subordinate 
salaried employees), and (5) wage earners. In the reports for the 
censuses of 1904 and 1899 these five classes were shown according 
to the three main groups: (1) Proprietors and firm members, (2) 
salaried officials, clerks, etc., and (3) wage earners. The second 
group included the three classes of salaried officers of corporations, 
superintendents and managers, and clerks. In certain tables relat¬ 
ing exclusively to the present census a somewhat different grouping 
is employed—that into (1) proprietors and officials, (2) clerks, and 
(3) wage earners, the first group including proprietors and firm 
members, salaried officers of corporations, and superintendents and 
managers. In comparative tables covering the censuses of 1899 and 
1904 it is of course necessary to group the figures for 1909 according 
to the classification that was employed at the earlier censuses. 

At this census the number of persons engaged in each industry, 
segregated by sex, and, in the case of wage earners, also by age 
(whether under 16 or 16 and over), was reported for a single 
representative day. For most industries the 15th of December 
was selected as representing normal conditions of employment, but 
where conditions were exceptional and the December date could 
not be accepted as typical an earlier date had to be chosen. 

In the case of employees other than wage earners the number thus 
reported on December 15, or other representative day, has been 
treated as equivalent to the average for the year, since the number 
of employees of this class does not ordinarily vary much from month 
to month. In the case of wage earners the average is obtained in 
the manner explained in the next paragraph. 

In addition to the more detailed report by sex and age of the 
number of wage earners on December 15, or other representative 
day, a report was obtained of the number employed on the 15th of 
each month, without distinction of sex or age. From these figures 
the average number of wage earners for the year has been calculated 
by dividing the sum of the numbers reported for the several months 
by 12. The average thus obtained represents the number of wage 
earners that would be required to perform the work done if all were 
constantly employed during the entire year. Accordingly, the 
importance of the industry as an employer of labor is believed to 
be more accurately measured by this average than by the number 
employed at any one time or on a given day. 

In 1899 and 1904 the schedule called for the average number of 
wage earners of each sex 16 years of age and over, and the average 
number under 16 years of age without distinction of sex, for each 
month, and these monthly statements were combined in an annual 
average. Comparatively few manufacturing concerns, however, 
keep their books in such way as to show readily the number of men, 
women, and children employed on the average each month. These 
monthly returns by sex and age were, in fact, largely estimates. 
It was believed that a more accurate and reliable sex and age dis- 

8—13 


93664°—13 















2 


MANUFACTURES. 


tribution could be secured by taking as a basis of estimate the actual 
numbers employed on a single day. In 1889 the time the plant 
was in operation was used as a basis for computing the average num¬ 
ber of employees, whether such time was the entire year or only a 
fraction of a year. These differences in method have but little 
effect upon the comparability of the statistics, however, except for 
certain seasonal industries like canning and preserving. 

Prevailing hours of labor. —The census made no attempt to 
ascertain the number of employees working a given number of 
hours per week. The inquiry called merely for the prevailing 
practice followed in each establishment. Occasional variations in 
hours in an establishment from one part of the year to another were 
disregarded, and no attention was paid to the fact that a limited 
number of employees might have hours differing from those of the 
majority. In the tables all the wage earners of each establishment 
are counted in the class within which the establishment itself falls. 
In most establishments, however, all or practically all the employees 
work the same number of hours, so that these figures give a sub¬ 
stantially correct representation of the hours of labor. 

Capital. —For reasons stated in the general repQrt on manufactures 
for the United States as a whole (Volume VIII of Thirteenth Census 
Reports), the statistics of capital secured by the census canvass are 
so defective as to be of little value, except as indicating very gen¬ 
eral conditions. The instructions on the schedule for securing data 
relating to capital were as follows: 

The answer should show the total amount of capital, both owned 
and borrowed, on the last day of the business year reported. All 
the items of fixed and live capital may be taken at the amounts 
carried on the books. If land or buildings are rented, that fact 
should be stated and no value given. If a part of the land or build¬ 
ings is owned, the remainder being rented, that fact should be so 
stated and only the value of the owned property given. Do not 
include securities and loans representing investments in other 
enterprises. 

Materials. —The statistics as to cost of materials relate to the 
materials used during the year, which may be more or less than the 


materials purchased during the year. The term “materials” 
includes fuel, rent of power and heat, mill supplies, and containers, 
as well as materials forming a constituent part of the product. 

Expenses. —Under “Expenses” are included all items of expense 
incident to the year’s business, except interest, whether on bonds 
or other forms of indebtedness, and allowances for depreciation. 

Value of products. —The amounts given under this heading repre¬ 
sent the selling value or price at the mill of all products manufac¬ 
tured during the year, which may differ from the value of the 
products sold. 

Value added by manufacture.—The value of products is not a 
satisfactory measure of either the absolute or the relative impor¬ 
tance of a given industry, because only a part of this value is actually 
created by the manufacturing processes carried on in the industry 
itself. Another part of it, and often by far the larger part, repre¬ 
sents the value of the materials used. For many purposes, there¬ 
fore, the best measure of the importance of an industry is the 
value created by the manufacturing operations carried on within 
the industry. This value is obtained by deducting the cost of 
the materials used from the value of the products. The figure 
thus obtained is termed in the census reports “value added by 
manufacture.” 

Cost of manufacture and profits. —Census data do not show the 
entire cost of manufacture, and consequently can not be used to 
show profits. No account has been, taken of interest or depre¬ 
ciation. Even if the amount of profit could be determined by 
deducting the expenses from the value of the products, the rate of 
return on the investment could not properly be calculated, because 
of the very defective character of the figures regarding capital. 

Primary horsepower. —This item represents the total primary 
power generated by the manufacturing establishments plus the 
amount of power, principally electric, rented by them from other 
concerns. It dops not cover the electric power developed by the 
primary power of the establishments themselves, the inclusion of 
which would evidently result in duplication. 


D, OF D. 
OCT 4 1913 




THE PAPER AND WOOD PULP INDUSTRY. 


GENERAL STATISTICS. 


SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES. 

Summary for the industry : 1909.—Table 1 presents a 
summary of the statistics for the paper and wood pulp 
industry as a whole for 1909. It distinguishes three 
classes of mills: (1) Mills making paper exclusively; 
(2) mills making wood pulp exclusively; and (3) mills 
which manufacture both pulp and paper. The pulp 
manufactured by the mills which produce both pulp and 
paper is largely made into paper in the establishments 
where produced. Since a large part of the business 
is done by mills which combine the two branches, the 
statistics for these three classes of mills separately 
have no great significance, and hence in all the tables 
except Table 1 only figures for the three classes of 
mills combined are presented. It is obvious, how¬ 
ever, that the combined value of products and the com¬ 
bined cost of materials involve much duplication, 
amounting to approximately $30,000,000, this being 
about the value reported for wood pulp manufactured 
for sale or for use in establishments other than the 
ones where it was produced. 

The statistics here given do not cover the cutting or 
transportation of timber or pulp wood, which is often 
done by concerns engaged in the industry, except that 
the expenses connected with the production of these 
materials by such establishments are included with 
the cost of materials. 


Table 1 


MILLS MAKING — 


Total. 

Paper only. 

Pulp only. 

Both 
paper and 
pulp. 

N umber of establishments. 

777 

538 

81 

158 

Persons engaged in the in¬ 
dustry. 

81,473 

40,807 

6,554 

34,112 

Proprietors and firm 
membeis. 

250 

215 

26 

9 

• Salaried employees_ 

5,245 

2,943 

390 

1,912 

Wage eameis (average 
number). 

75,978 

37,649 

6,138 

32,191 

Primaiy horsepower. 

1,304,265 

$409,348,505 

$148,021,260 

(>) 

0) 

Capital. 

$38,336,179 

$222,991,066 

Expenses. 

237,310,150 

115,341,621 

19,205,710 

102,762,819 

21,754,068 

Services . 

50,314,643 

24,532,636 

4,027,939 

Salaries. 

9,510,141 

5,255,161 

652,135 

3,602,845 

Wages. 

Materials. 

40,804,502 

19,277,475 

3,375,804 

18,151,223 

165,442,341 

79,692,160 

13,657,150 

1,520,621 

72,093,031 

Miscellaneous. 

21,553,166 

11,116,825 

8,915,720 

Value of products. 

Value added by manufac¬ 
ture (value of products 
less cost of materials)... 

267,656,964 

129,381,198 

21,567,432 

116,708,334 

102,214,623 

49,689,038 

7,910,282 

44,615,303 


i Not reported separately. 


Of the 777 establishments canvassed in 1909, 
more than two-thirds (538, or 69.2 per cent) were 
engaged in the manufacture of paper exclusively; 


these establishments contributed products valued at 
$129,381,198, or 48.3 per cent of the total value 
of products reported for the industry as a whole. 
The 81 establishments manufacturing pulp exclusively 
formed slightly more than one-tenth of the total 
number, and the value of their products represented 
about one-twelfth of the total value of products. The 
158 establishments making both pulp and paper 
formed 20.3 per cent of the total number in the in¬ 
dustry as a whole and reported 43.6 per cent of the 
total value of products. This group includes a num¬ 
ber of combination pulp mills and paper mills oper¬ 
ated as separate units but under the same ownership. 
In some of these cases the mills manufacturing pulp 
sold a certain part of their product, and in others the 
pulp was all used in the paper mill owned by the 
same company. In all, there were 82 mills of this 
character, of which 37 manufactured paper alone and 
45 made pulp alone. The companies owning these 
mills made combined reports covering both branches 
of the industry, and the 82 mills were counted as 34 
establishments. 

The establishments in the industry as a whole in 
1909 gave employment to an average of 81,473 per¬ 
sons, of whom 75,978 were wage earners, and paid 
$50,314,643 in salaries and wages. 

The cost of materials used in the industry as a 
whole in 1909 was $165,442,341, or more than three- 
fifths (61.8 per cent) of the total value of products, 
which was $267,656,964, and the value added by 
manufacture (that is, the value of products less cost 
of materials) was $102,214,623. Both the value of 
products and the cost of materials, as already stated, 
involve considerable duplication, due to the sale of 
pulp to paper mills. The value of products of the 
industry in 1909 covers products other than paper 
and wood pulp to the value of $3,810,768. These 
products consist principally of fancy and paper boxes, 
dyestuffs and extracts, roofing materials, and miscel¬ 
laneous paper goods. 

Comparison with earlier censuses.—Table 2 sum¬ 
marizes the statistics of the paper and wood pulp 
industry as a whole for each census from 1869 to 
1909, inclusive. The financial figures for 1869 are 
given in currency, which at that time was worth only 
about 80 cents, gold, to the dollar. For strict com¬ 
parison, therefore, these figures should be reduced 
about 20 per cent. 


( 3 ) 



























4 


MANUFACTURES 


Table 2 


Number of establishments. 

Persons engaged in the industry. 

Proprietors and firm members. 

Salaried employees. 

Wage earners (average number). 

Primary horsepower. 

Capital. 

Expenses. 

Services. 

Salaries. 

W ages. 

Materials. 

Miscellaneous. 

Value of products. 

Value added by manufacture (value of 
products less cost of materials). 




NUMBER OR 

AMOUNT. 




PER CENT OF INCREASE.1 


1909 

1904 

1899 

1889 

1879 

1869 

1899- 

1909 

1904- 

1909 

1899- 

1904 

1889- 

1899 

1879- 

1889 

1869- 

1879 

777 

81,473 

250 

5,245 

75,978 

1,304,265 

$409,348,505 

237,310,150 

761 

70,051 

309 

3,778 

763 
53,012 
431 
2,935 
49,646 
762,118 

649 

(*) 

( 2 ) 

31,050 
297,724 

742 

$ 

(2) 

677 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

18,021 

54,287 

$34,556,014 

( 2 ) 

7,208,691 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

30,058,563 

( 2 ) 

48,849,285 

1.8 

53.7 
-42.0 

78.7 

2.1 

16.3 

-19.1 

38.8 

-0.3 

32.1 

-28.3 

28.7 

17.6 

-12.5 

9.6 

65,964 

1,093,708 

25,631 

( 2 ) 

$48,139,652 

( 2 ) 

8,970,133 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

34,862,132 
( 2 ) 

57,366,860 

53.0 

71.1 

15.2 

19.3 

32.9 

43.5 

'<•) 

156.0 

(») 

( 8 ) 

$277,444,471 
165,807,763 

$167,507,713 
105,961,679 
25,247,337 
4,500,911 
20,746,426 
70,530,236 
10,184,106 

$89,829,548 

65,974,646 

14,975,485 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

44,228,480 

6,770,681 

78,937,184 

144.4 

124.0 

47.5 

43.1 

65.6 

56.5 

86.5 

60.6 

86.6 

39.3 

50,314,643 
9,510,141 
40,804,502 
165,442,341 
21,553,166 

38,116,244 
6,097,032 
32,019,212 
111,251,478 
16,440,041 
188,715,189 

99.3 

111.3 

96.7 

32.0 

56.0 

27.4 

51.0 

35.5 

54.3 

68.6 

66.9 

24.4 

134.6 

111.6 

48.7 

31.1 

57.7 

61.4 

59.5 

50.4 

26.9 

16.9 

267,656,964 

127,326,162 

110.2 

41.8 

48.2 

61.3 

37.6 

17.4 

102,214,623 

77,463,711 

56,795,926 

34,708,704 

22,504,728 

18,790,722 

80.0 

32.0 

36.4 

63.6 

54.2 

19.8 


i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Where percentages are omitted, comparable figures are not available. 

2 Comparable figures not available. 3 Figures not strictly comparable. 


Paper was manufactured in this country near 
Philadelphia as early as 1690. The growth of the 
industry, however, was slow until within the last 
40 years, during which time the introduction of im¬ 
proved machinery and the use of wood fiber as a 
material have brought about a remarkable growth in 
the industry. In the decade 1899-1909 the value of 
products increased $140,330,802, or 110.2 per cent, 
this percentage being higher than that for any other 
decade since 1869. Some part of this increase, however, 
was due to advance in prices, particularly during the 
first half of the decade. 

The number of proprietors and firm members was 
less in 1909 than in either 1904 or 1899. The de¬ 


crease shown is explained by changes in character of 
ownership as shown in Table 9. Salaried employees 
were included to some extent with wage earners at the 
earlier censuses, and comparative figures for this class, 
therefore, are not shown for censuses prior to that of 
1899. 

During the decade 1899-1909 the average number 
of wage earners increased 53 per cent. 

Summary, by states.—Table 3 summarizes the more 
important statistics of the industry as a whole, by 
states, the states being arranged according to the 
value of products reported for 1909. Some states 
for which data can not be shown separately ranked 
higher than some named in the table. 


Table 3 

STATE. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ments: 
1909 

WAGE EARNERS. 

VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 

VALUE ADDED BY 
MANUFACTURE. 

PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1 

Aver¬ 

age 

num¬ 

ber: 

1909 

Per 

cent 

of 

total: 

1909 

Rank. 

Amount: 

1909 

Per 

cent 

of 

total: 

1909 

Rank. 

Amount: 

1909 

Per 

cent 

of 

total: 

1909 

Rank. 

Wage earners 
(average number). 

Valu e of products. 

Value added by 
manufacture. 

Ci 

i 

1 

I 

I 

I 

1 

1899- 

1909 

1904- 

1909 

1899- 

1904 

1899- 

1909 

1904- 

1909 

1899- 

1904 

1899- 

1909 

1904- 
1909 j 

1899- 

1904 

United States... 

777 

75,978 

100.0 



$267,656,964 

100.0 



$102,214,623 

100.0 



53.0 

15.2 

32.9 

110.2 

41.8 

48.2 

80.0 

32. 0 

36.4 

New York. 

178 

12,073 

15.9 

2 

1 

48,859,610 

18.3 

1 

1 

17,092,327 

16.7 

2 

1 

30.3 

-2.8 

34.0 

82.9 

29.4 

41.3 

40.6 

14.4 

23.0 

Massachusetts. 

88 

12,848 

16.9 

1 

2 

40,096,713 

15.0 

2 

2 

17,747,100 

17.4 

1 

2 

41.8 

9.8 

29.2 

81.1 

25.3 

44.6 

73.6 

26.2 

37.6 

Maine. 

45 

8,647 

11.4 

3 

3 

33,950,230 

12.7 

3 

3 

13,446,017 

13.2 

3 

3 

78.3 

14.2 

56.1 

156.7 

47.9 

73.6 

120.3 

48.0 

48.8 

Wisconsin. 

57 

7,467 

9.8 

4 

4 

25,962,099 

9.7 

4 

4 

9,269,534 

9.1 

4 

4 

76.1 

17.8 

49.5 

138.3 

45.5 

63.8 

121.6 

29.6 

71.0 

Pennsylvania. 

62 

6,656 

8.8 

5 

5 

19,872,717 

7.4 

5 

5 

8,474,406 

8.3 

5 

5 

37.5 

12.7 

22.0 

62.0 

29.0 

25.6 

43.8 

22.8 

17.1 

Ohio. 

47 

4,673 

6.2 

6 

6 

16,965,260 

6.3 

6 

6 

6,066,975 

5.9 

6 

6 

46.8 

20.3 

22.0 

159.2 

54.8 

67.5 

118.6 

26.2 

73.3 

New Hampshire. 

34 

3,413 

4.5 

8 

8 

13,994,251 

5.2 

7 1 

7 

4,740,882 

4.6 

8 

7 

42.7 

35.3 

5.5 

93.2 

56.7 

23.3 

44.0 

31.6 

9.4 

Michigan. 

32 

4,327 

5.7 

7 

7 

13,922,124 

5.2 

8 

8 

4,897,529 

4.8 

7 

8 

114.8 

41.8 

51.5 

230.1 

89.6 

74.0 

224.3 

77.4 

82.8 

New Jersey. 

37 

2,223 

2.9 

9 

10 

7,'554,428 

2.8 

9 

9 

2,785,677 

2.7 

9 

10 

86.8 

36.5 

36.9 

136.4 

49.8 

57.8 

88.2 

37.8 

36.6 

Connecticut. 

51 

1,720 

2.3 

10 

9 

5,527,334 

2.1 

10 

10 

2,223,918 

2.2 

10 

9 

20.7 

-1.7 

22.8 

55.0 

9.7 

41.3 

40.5 

—3.3 

45.4 

Indiana. 

27 

1,501 

2.0 

11 

11 

5,202,330 

1.9 

11 

11 

1,705,185 

1.7 

12 

11 

-17.3 

-7.3 

-10.8 

24.7 

32.8 

—6.1 

0.4 

21.8 

—17.6 

Illinois. 

19 

1,397 

1.8 

12 

15 

4,983,075 

1.9 

12 

15 

1,883,635 

1.8 

11 

14 

124.2 

45.7 

53.9 

248.0 

104.0 

70.6 

197.2 

83.4 

62.0 

Maryland. 

13 

1,249 

1.6 

13 

1?. 

4,894,401 

1.8 

13 

13 

1,615,979 

1.6 

13 

16 

33.3 

23.9 

7.6 

89.0 

48.5 

27.3 

88.1 

91.7 

—1.9 

Vermont. 

25 

1,030 

1.4 

15 

12 

3,901,634 

1.5 

14 

12 

1,446,279 

1.4 

16 

12 

-15.3 

-19.5 

5.3 

15.3 

1.9 

13.2 

—14.9 

12.1 

—24.1 

Virginia. 

9 

912 

1.2 

17 

14 

3,656,745 

1.4 

15 

14 

1,508,373 

1.5 

14 

13 

202.0 

8.2 

228.8 

330.2 

20.5 

256.9 

243.7 

21.2 

183.6 

West Virginia. 

9 

1,162 

1.5 

14 

18 

2,652,037 

1.0 

17 

18 

968,618 

0.9 

18 

18 

313.5 

113.2 

94.0 

402.3 

104.3 

145.8 

281.5 

80.1 

111.8 

Minnesota. 

9 

607 

0.8 

19 

19 

2,385,026 

0.9 

19 

19 

947,250 

0.9 

19 

19 


53.3 



108.1 



101 9 


Delaware. 

6 

546 

0.7 

21 

17 

2,291,728 

0.8 

20 

16 

704,555 

0.7 

21 

17 

21.1 

-0.2 

21.3 

43.3 

20.3 

19.1 

23.3 

uloj 

11.0 

California. 

4 

312 

0.4 

22 

21 

969,172 

0.4 

22 

21 

528,777 

0.5 

22 

21 


20.5 



51.4 



44.5' 


Iowa. 

4 

205 

0.3 

23 

22 

437,388 

0.2 

24 

23 

156,574 

0.2 

24 

24 

13.9 

34.9 

-15.6 

79.1 

72.7 

3.7 

13.9 

27! 9 

—10.9 

Kansas. 

3 

97 

0.1 

25 

24 

217,982 

0.1 

25 

24 

97,576 

0.1 

26 

23 





7.9 



-21.0 


All other states. 

18 

2,913 

3.8 



9,360,680 

3.5 



3,907,457 

3.8 































1 Percentages are based on figures in Table 25. A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. Percentage not shown whce base is less than 100 for wage earners or less than 
$100,000 for value of products or value added by manufacture, or where comparative figures can not be given without disclosing individual operations. 


























































































































5 


THE PAPER AND WOOD PULP INDUSTRY. 


There are 31 states represented in the industry, 
although 79.8 per cent of the total value of products 
was reported by the first 8 states shown in Table 3. 
New York was in 1909 the most important state as 
measured by value of products, but ranked second 
in average number of wage earners and in value 
added by manufacture. Massachusetts, which ranked 
second among the states in value of products, was first 
in average number of wage earners and in value added 
by manufacture. Maine ranked third in each respect. 
Of the 8 states which reported products valued at 
$10,000,000 or over, Michigan shows the most rapid 
development in the industry during the period from 
1899 to 1909, the number of wage earners in this state 
increasing 205.6 per cent and the value of products 
230.1 per cent. Still higher percentages of increase 
are shown for West Virginia and Virginia, in which 
states, however, the industry was of less importance; 
even in 1909. 

In general the states held the same or nearly the 
same rank with respect to value of products in 1909 as 
in 1904, and most of the states had the same, or prac¬ 
tically the same, rank in value added by manufacture 
in 1909 as in value of products. 

PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. 

Summary: 1909.—Table 4 shows for 1909 the num¬ 
ber of persons engaged in the industry, classified ac¬ 
cording to occupational status and sex, and in the case 
of wage earners, according to age also. It should be 
borne in mind that the sex and age classification of 
the average number of wage earners in this and 
other tables is an estimate obtained by the method 
described in the Introduction. 


Table 4 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE 
industry: 1909 


CLASS. 



Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

AU classes.... 

81,473 

70,916 

10,557 

Proprietors and officials. 

Proprietors and firm members. 

Salaried officers of corporations. 

Superintendents and managers. 

Clerks. 

2,298 

2,269 

29 

250 

773 

1,275 

3,197 

75,978 

232 

766 

1,271 

2,393 

66,254 

18 

7 

4 

804 

9,724 

Wage earners (average number). 

16 years of age and over. 

Under 16 years of age. 

75,721 

257 

66,151 
103 

9,570 

154 


The average number of persons engaged in the opera¬ 
tion of paper and wood pulp mills during 1909 was 
81,473, of whom 75,978, or 93.3 per cent, were wage 
earners, 2,298, or 2.8 per cent, proprietors and officials, 
and 3,197, or 3.9 per cent, were clerks, this class includ¬ 
ing other subordinate salaried employees. Of the total 
number of persons engaged in the industry, 70,916, or 


87 per cent, were males and 10,557, or 13 per cent, 
females. The average number of wage earners under 
16 years of age was only 257. 

The average number of wage earners in each state 
for 1909, 1904, and 1899 is given in Table 25. The 
average number distributed by sex and age is not 
shown for the individual states, but Table 26 gives 
such a distribution of the number employed on De¬ 
cember 15, or the nearest representative day. Fe¬ 
male wage earners were reported as employed in 26 
states, the largest number, 4,618, being reported for 
Massachusetts, and the next largest number, 961, for 
Wisconsin. The number of wage earners under 16 
years of age employed in Massachusetts was 132, or 
practically half of the total for all states. 

In order to compare the distribution of the persons 
engaged in the industry in 1909 according to occupa¬ 
tional status with that in 1904 it is necessary to use 
the classification employed at the earlier census. (See 
Introduction.) Such a comparison is made in Table 5. 


Table 5 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. 


CLASS. 

1909 

1994 

Per 
cent 
of in¬ 
crease: 1 

1904- 

1909 

Number. 

Percent 

distri¬ 

bution. 

Number. 

Percent 

distri¬ 

bution. 

Total. 

81,473 

100.0 

70,051 

100.0 

16.3 

Proprietors and firm members. 

250 

0.3 

309 

0.4 

-19.1 

Salaried employees. 

5,245 

6.4 

3,778 

5.4 

38.8 

Wage earners (average number).. 

75,978 

93.3 

65,964 

94.2- 

15.2 


1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 

Table 6 shows the average number of wage earners 
in the industry as a whole distributed according to age, 
and in the case of those 16 years of age or over, ac¬ 
cording to sex, for 1909,1904, and 1899. The number 
of children employed was so small that the increase 
from 1899 to 1909 has little significance. 


Table 6 


AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS IN THE INDUSTRY. 


CLASS. 

1909 

1904 

1899 

Number. 

Per cent 
distri¬ 
bution. 

Number. 

Per cent 
distri¬ 
bution. 

Number. 

Per cent 
distri¬ 
bution. 

Total. 

75,978 

100.0 

65,964 

100.0 

49,646 

100.0 

16 years of age and over.. 

75,721 

99.7 

65,709 

99.6 

49,477 

99.7 

Male. 

66,151 

87.1 

56,827 

86.1 

41,547 

83.7 

Female. 

9,570 

12.6 

8,882 

13.5 

7,930 

16.0 

Under 16 years of age.... 

257 

0.3 

255 

0.4 

169 

0.3 


Wage earners employed, by months.—Table 7 gives 
the number of wage earners employed in the industry 
on the 15th (or the nearest representative day) of 
each month during the year 1909 for 20 of the lead¬ 
ing states in which an average of 500 or more wage 
earners were employed during the year. 


































































6 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table 7 


WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED IN THE INDUSTRY: 1909 1 


STATE. 

Average 

number 

during 

the 

year. 

January. 

Febru¬ 

ary. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Septem¬ 

ber. 

October. 

Novem¬ 

ber. 

Decem¬ 

ber. 

United States. 

75.978 

74,986 

75,780 

76,291 

75,983 

77,013 

76,829 

75,009 

74,517 

75,147 

76,026 

76,717 

77,430 

Connecticut. 

1,720 

1,638 

1,664 

1,672 

1,675 

1,725 

1,665 

1,709 

1,733 

1,718 

1,755 

1,820 

1.861 

Delaware. 

546 

566 

553 

567 

548 

554 

530 

536 

535 

536 

536 

530 

- 559 

Illinois. 

1,397 

1,183 

1,247 

1,291 

1,398 

1,414 

1,393 

1,372 

1,390 

1,488 

1,516 

1,541 

1,534 

Indiana. 

1,501 

1,493 

1,509 

1,565 

1,540 

1,402 

1,455 

1,416 

1,409 

1,493 

1,517 

1,552 

1,661 

Maine. 

8,647 

8,820 

8,748 

8,813 

8,606 

8,681 

8,802 

8,589 

8,397 

8,334 

8,552 

8,582 

8,841 

Maryland. 

1,249 

1,158 

1,269 

1,270 

1,255 

1,276 

1,217 

1,231 

1,235 

1,270 

1,243 

1.290 

1,272 

Massachusetts. 

12,848 

12,614 

12,735 

12,759 

12,673 

12,825 

12,843 

12,611 

12,791 

12,907 

13,080 

13,100 

15,234 

Michigan. 

4,327 

4,170 

4,213 

4,168 

4,238 

4,374 

4,480 

4,393 

4,444 

4,460 

4,365 

4,356 

4,261 

Minnesota. 

607 

541 

588 

612 

629 

634 

638 

614 

546 

616 

619 

625 

618 

New Hampshire. 

3,413 

3,368 

3,374 

3,413 

3,460 

3,487 

3,471 

3,338 

3,255 

3,370 

3,618 

3,366 

3,431 

New Jersey. 

2,223 

2,100 

2,118 

2,104 

2,146 

2,217 

2,227 

2,244 

2,265 

2,277 

2,298 

2,344 

2,342 

New York. 

12,0 7 3 

12,298 

12,750 

12,780 

12,387. 

12,788 

12,451 

11,855 

11,433 

11,450 

11,618 

11,506 

11,558 

North Carolina. 

825 

875 

937 

829 

800 

809 

804 

813 

759 

832 

840 

793 

809 

Ohio. 

4,673 

4,687 

4,660 

4,651 

4,657 

4,528 

4,625 

4,596 

4,605 

4,711 

4,766 

4,779 

4,811 

Oregon. 

988 

939 

937 

937 

1,139 

1,175 

1,035 

885 

836 

834 

877 

1,122 

1,144 

Pennsylvania. 

6,656 

6,577 

6,481 

6,554 

6.549 

6,716 

6,696 

6,586 

6,577 

6,685 

6,697 

6.916 

6,838 

Vermont. 

1,030 

1,118 

1,117 

1,133 

1,022 

1,077 

1,092 

940 

885 

903 

993 

1,049 

1,036 

Virginia. 

912 

893 

900 

915 

865 

865 

872 

900 

997 

921 

920 

968 

927 

West Virginia. 

1,162 

1,057 

1,055 

1,147 

1,050 

1,113 

1,123 

1,218 

1,311 

1,250 

1,178 

1,240 

1,202 

Wisconsin. 

7,467 

7, 161 

7,186 

7,286 

7,541 

7,544 

7,651 

7,598 

7,571 

7,445 

7,359 

7,545 

7,716 


1 The month of maximum employment for each state is indicated by boldface figures and that of minimum employment by italic figures. 


There was comparatively little variation in the num¬ 
ber of wage earners from month to month. The 
largest number employed during any month of 1909 
was 77,430, in December, and the smallest number, 
74,517, in August, the minimum number being equal 
to 96.2 per cent of the maximum. In 1904 the maxi¬ 
mum number, 67,724, was shown for October, and the 
minimum number, 63,284, for February, the latter 
number being equal to 93.4 per cent of the former. 

In New York the greatest number of wage earners 
were employed in May, but in four of the eight leading 
states (Massachusetts, Maine, Wisconsin, and Ohio) the 
month of maximum employment was December. The 
months of maximum and minimum employment for 
1909, and the number of wage earners reported for 
both months, are given for a larger number of states 
in Table 26. 

Prevailing hours of labor.—In Table 8 the wage 
earners in the industry as a whole have been classified 
according to the number of hours of labor per week 
prevailing in the establishments in which they were 
employed. In making this classification the average 
number of wage earners employed during the year in 
each establishment was classified as a total according 
to the hours prevailing in that establishment, even 
though a few employees worked a greater or smaller 
number of hours. 

Nearly three-fourths (71.4 per cent) of the w T age 
earners employed in the industry as a whole in 1909 
were in mills where the prevailing hours were 60 or 
more per week. 

Of the seven groups shown in the table, the largest 
was that made up of the wage earners in establish¬ 
ments where the prevailing hours were 60 per week, 
such wage earners constituting 30.2 per cent of the 
total number, and the second largest group was made 


up of those working 72 hours or over per week, which 
group formed 21.7 per cent of the total. The group 
working 60 hours per week was the most important in 
7 of the 20 states for which figures are given. In Con¬ 
necticut, Delaware, Maryland, Minnesota, and Oregon 
the most common working time was more than 60 but 
less than 72 hours per week, while in Illinois, Indiana, 
New Jersey, New York, and North Carolina it was 72 
hours and over. 


Table 8 


AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS IN THE INDUSTRY: 1909 


In establishments with prevailing hours— 


STATE. 


Total. 


48 

and 


under. 


United States.. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

New Hampshire... 

New Jersey. 

New York. 

North Carolina.... 

Ohio. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

West Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 


75,978 

1,720 

546 

1,397 

1,501 

8,647 

1,249 

12,848 

4,327 

607 

3,413 

2,223 

12,073 

825 

4,673 

988 

6,656 

1,030 

912 

1,162 

7,467 


5,595 


1,011 


944 


1,282 

12 

1,295 


122 

268 


661 


Be¬ 

tween 

48 

and 

54. 


54. 


Be¬ 

tween 

54 

and 

60. 


6,063 


3,448 

229 


6,592 

112 


189 


2,775 


1,992 


236 


386 


848 


3,697 

225 


508 


1,979 


279 


446 

394 

502 


468 


100 


415 


168 

35 

63 

57 


60. 

Be¬ 

tween 

60 

and 

72. 

72 

and 

over. 

22,941 

14,882 

16,457 

542 

567 

270 


286 

260 

446 

138 

624 

263 

141 

1,097 

841 

667 

1,125 

83 

1,103 

63 

4,023 

2,425 

525 

2,534 

1,084 

484 

77 

448 

82 

651 

244 

282 

194 

726 

897 

2,656 

2,563 

2,799 

825 

1,498 

1,233 

1,474 

347 

641 


3,643 

91 

2,532 

203 

51 

58 

655 


194 

680 

329 

96 

3,195 

1,442 

2,169 


Character of ownership.—Table 9 presents statistics 
with respect to the character of ownership of the paper 
and wood pulp mills in the United States. 

In 1909, of the total number of mills, 81.5 per cent 
were under corporate ownership, as compared with 
77.1 per cent in 1904. In 1909 the value of products 







































































































THE PAPER AND WOOD PULP INDUSTRY. 


7 


of these establishments represented 92.8 per cent of 
the total and in 1904, 89.9 per cent. 


Table 9 

CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. 

NUMBER OF 
ESTABLISHMENTS. 

VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 

1909 

1904 

1909 

| 

1904 

Total .. 

777 

71 

70 

633 

3 

100.0 

9.1 

9.0 

81.5 

0.4 

761 

86 

88 

587 

$267,656,964 

5,990,893 
11,657,927 
t 248,435,331 
1,572,813 

100.0 

2.2 

4.4 

92.8 

0.6 

$188,715,189 

5,519,842 

13,529,652 

169,665,695 

Individual. 

Firm. 

Corporation. 

Other. 

Per cent of total. 

100.0 

11.3 

11.6 

77.1 

100.0 

2.9 

7.2 

89.9 

Individual. 

Firm. 

Corporation. 

Other. 





Table 10 gives statistics for establishments classified 
according to form of ownership for the 18 states em¬ 
ploying an average of more than 500 wage earners in 
1909 for which figures can be shown without disclos¬ 
ing individual operations. The three establishments 
under “other” forms of ownership have in this table 
been included with those under corporate ownership. 

In 1909, 1,912 wage earners, or 2.5 per cent of the 
total, were employed in establishments under indi¬ 
vidual ownership; 3,524, or 4.6 per cent, in those 
under firm ownership; and 70,542, or 92.8 per cent, 
in those owned by corporations (including those 
under “other” ownership). 


Table lO 

STATE. 

NUMBER OF 
ESTABLISHMENTS 
OWNED BY— 

WAGE EARNERS IN 
ESTABLISHMENTS 
OWNED BY— 

VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF ESTABLISHMENTS 
OWNED BY— 

VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE IN 
ESTABLISHMENTS OWED BY— 

Indi¬ 

vid¬ 

uals. 

Firms. 

Corpo¬ 

ra¬ 

tions. 

Individ¬ 

uals. 

Firms. 

Corpora¬ 

tions. 

Individ¬ 

uals. 

Firms. 

Corporations. 

Individ¬ 

uals. 

Firms. 

Corporations. 

United States. 

71 

70 

636 

1 1,912 

3,524 

70.542 

$5,990,893 

$11,657,927 

$250,008,144 

$3,443,407 

$5,058,707 

$93,712,509 

Connecticut. 

9 

6 

36 

188 

161 

1,371 

405,647 

491,366 

4,630,321 

172,179 

238,539 

1,813,200 

Delaware. 


2 

4 


(X) 

646 


(X) 

2 , 291,728 


(X) 

704,655 

Illinois. 


1 

18 


(X) 

1,397 


(X) 

4 , 983,075 


(X) 

1 , 883,635 

Indiana. 

1 

2 

24 

(XI 

58 

1,443 

(X) 

155,267 

5,047,063 

(XI 

61,101 

1,644,084 

Maine. 

2 

5 

38 

(X) 

1,408 

7,239 

(X) 

4 , 839,434 

29,110,796 

(X) 

2 , 060,219 

11,385,798 

Maryland. 

3 

3 

7 

8 

52 

1,189 

16,347 

62,028 

4,816,026 

6,967 

12,364 

1,596,648 

Massachusetts. 

• 4 

8 

76 

(X) 

1,496 

11,352 

(X) 

5 , 259,889 

34,836,824 

(X^ 

3 , 397,099 

14,350,001 

Michigan. 

3 

1 

28 

48 

(X) 

4,279 

107,721 

(X) 

13,814,403 

47,891 

(X) 

4,849,638 

Minnesota 



9 



607 



2,385,026 



947,250 

New Hampshire. 

1 

5 

28 

(X) 

92 

3,321 

(X) 

408,620 

13,585,631 

(X) 

173,086 

4,567,796 

New Jersey. 

3 

3 

31 

56 

84 

2,083 

157,862 

266,798 

7,129,768 

63,931 

88,821 

2,632,925 

New York. 

21 

16 

141 

273 

280 

11,520 

957,261 

975,254 

46,927,098 

371,027 

376,378 

16,344,922 

Ohio. 

1 

1 

45 

(X) 

(X) 

4,673 

(X) 

(X) 

16 , 965,260 

(X) 

(X) 

6 , 066,975 

Pennsylvania. 

19 

5 

38 

373 

363 

5,920 

895,018 

1,166,905 

17,810,794 

416,917 

458,211 

7,599,278 

Vermont. 

1 

8 

16 

(X) 

152 

878 

(XI 

659,144 

3,342,490 

(XI 

190,085 

1,256,194 

Virginia. . 

1 


8 

(X) 


912 

(X) 


3 , 656,745 

(X) 


1 , 508,373 

West Virginia 


1 

8 

(X) 

1,162 


(X) 

2 , 652,037 


(X) 

968,618 

Wisconsin 

1 


56 

(X) 

7,467 

(X) 

25 , 962,099 

(X) 

9 , 269,534 










Note.— In some states, in order to avoid disclosing the returns for individual establishments, the figures for one group have been consolidated with those for estab¬ 
lishments under some other form of ownership. In such cases, an (X) is placed in the column from which the figures have been omitted and the figures for the group 
with which they have been combined are printed in italics. The figures for corporations include those for the few comparatively unimportant establishments operated 
by cooperative associations or under other miscellaneous forms of ownership. 


ESTABLISHMENTS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SIZE. 


Classification by value of products.—-Table 11 pre¬ 
sents statistics for 1909 and 1904 for establishments 
grouped according to the value of their products. 


Table 11 

VALUE OF PRODUCTS PER 
ESTABLISHMENT. 

NUMBER OF 
ESTABLISHMENTS. 

VALUE OF ] 

PRODUCTS. 

1909 

1904 

1909 

1904 

Total. 

777 

761 

$267,656,964 

$188,715,189 

Less than $5,000. 

20 

23 

64,416 

74,086 

$5,000 and less than $20,000. 

57 

59 

719,516 

749,259 

$20,000 and less than $100,000. 

203 

254 

11,354,011 

14,204,394 

$100,000and less than $1,000,000.. 

447 

395 

161,938,623 

126,385,745 

$1,000,000 and over. 

50 

30 

93,580,398 

47,301,705 

Per cent of total. 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Less than $5,000. 

2.6 

3.0 

(>) 

0) 

$5,000 and less than $20,000. 

7.3 

7.8 

0.3 

0.4 

$20,000 and less than $100,000. 

26.1 

33.4 

4.2 

7.5 

$100,000 and less than $1,000,000.. 

57.5 

51.9 

60.5 

67.0 

$1,000,000 and over. 

6.4 

3.9 

35.0 

25.1 


1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 


In 1909, 6.4 per cent of the establishments manufac¬ 
tured products valued at $1,000,000 or over, as against 


3.9 per cent in 1904. While such establishments repre¬ 
sented a comparatively small proportion of the total 
number at both censuses, they reported 35 per cent of 
the total value of products in 1909 and 25.1 per cent 
in 1904. Establishments manufacturing products 
valued at $100,000 but less than $1,000,000 were the 
most important class, forming 57.5 per cent of the 
total number and reporting 60.5 per cent of the total 
value of products in 1909, although the latter per¬ 
centage is somewhat smaller than the corresponding 
percentage for 1904. 

The average value of products per establishment 
increased from $247,983 in 1904 to $344,475 in 1909, 
and the average value added by manufacture, as com¬ 
puted from the figures in Table 2, from $101,792 to 
$131,550. The average number of wage earners per 
establishment shows an increase from 86.7 in 1904 to 
97.8 in 1909. 

Classification by number of wage earners.—Table 12 
classifies the establishments in the 21 leading states 
according to the number of wage earners employed. 




















































































































8 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table 13 

STATE. 

TO'I 

Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 

CAL. 

Wage 

earners 

(aver¬ 

age 

num¬ 

ber). 

United States.... 

777 

75,978 

Connecticut. 

51 

1,720 

Delaware. 

6 

546 

Illinois. 

19 

1,397 

Indiana. 

27 

1,501 

Maine. 

45 

8,647 

Maryland. 

13 

1,249 

Massachusetts. 

88 

12,848 

Michigan. 

32 

4,327 

Minnesota. 

9 

607 

New Hampshire. 

34 

3,413 

New Jersey. 

37 

2,223 

New York. 

178 

12,0 7 3 

North Carolina. 

3 

825 

Ohio. 

47 

4,673 

Oregon. 

5 

988 

Pennsylvania. 

62 

6,656 

Vermont. 

25 

1,030 

Virginia. 

9 

912 

Washington. 

2 

556 

West Virginia. 

9 

1,162 

Wisconsin. 

57 

7,467 


ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING IN 1909— 


No 

wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

1 to 5 wage 
earners. 

6 to 20 wage 
earners. 

21 to 50 wage 
earners. 

51 to 100 
wage earners. 

101 to 250 
wage earners. 

251 to 500 
wage earners. 

501 to 1,000 
wage earners. 

Over 1,000 
wage earners. 

Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 

Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 

W age 
earn¬ 
ers. 


36 

112 

157 

2,119 

196 

6,567 

156 

11,282 

166 

27,473 

49 

16,457 

16 

10,906 

1 

1,062 


6 

23 

19 

254 

19 

701 

4 

324 

3 

418 










2 

29 



1 

88 

3 

429 








1 

5 

4 

56 

6 

229 

4 

302 

3 

529 

1 

276 








3 

54 

10 

298 

11 

790 

3 

359 








1 

2 

5 

56 

11 

382 

7 

576 

10 

1,794 

6 

2,058 

4 

2,717 

1 

1,062 


3 

8 

3 

34 

4 

134 



2 

340 



1 

733 




2 

9 

12 

158 

12 

390 

11 

867 

37 

6,379 

12 

3,662 

2 

1,383 






5 

58 

7 

240 

4 

264 

14 

2,654 

1 

347 

1 

764 






2 

29 

2 

54 

3 

205 

2 

319 










13 

177 

9 

260 

2 

117 

5 

674 

4 

1,498 

1 

687 




1 

5 


92 

11 

382 

11 

690 

6 

748 

1 

306 






11 

28 

44 

587 

52 

1,709 

38 

2,808 

24 

3,884 

8 

2,556 

1 

501 






1 

7 





1 

122 



1 

696 






5 

88 

15 

496 

14 

955 

11 

1,695 

1 

439 

1 

1,000 






1 

18 



1 

96 

2 

347 



1 

527 




9 

25 

15 

201 

10 

359 

8 

580 

13 

2,374 

5 

1,802 

2 

1,315 




1 

5 

9 

122 

9 

294 

5 

292 


1 

317 





1 

2 

1 

12 



4 

275 

2 

242 

1 

381 














1 

175 

1 

381 










4 

139 

2 

111 

2 

329 



1 

583 






3 

39 

9 

316 

18 

1,298 

20 

3,380 

7 

2,434 






















Of the 777 establishments reported in 1909, 4.6 per 
cent employed from 1 to 5 wage earners each, 20.2 per 
cent from 6 to 20, 25.2 per cent from 21 to 50, 20.1 per 
cent from 51 to 100, and 21.4 per cent from 101 to 
250. There were only 66 establishments that em¬ 
ployed more than 250 wage earners. Of these, 17 
employed over 500. More than a third of the wage 
earners, however, worked in mills employing over 
250 each. 

Expenses.—As stated in the Introduction, the census 
figures representing expenses do not purport to show 
the total cost of manufacture, since they take no 
account of interest or depreciation; hence they can not 
properly be used for determining profits. Facts of 
interest can be brought out, however, concerning the 
relative importance of the different classes of expenses 
which were reported. Table 1 shows the total expenses 
in 1909 to have been $237,310,150, distributed as fol¬ 
lows: Cost of materials, $165,442,341, or 69.7 per 
cent; wages, $40,804,502, or 17.2 per cent; salaries, 
$9,510,141, or 4 per cent; and miscellaneous expenses, 
made up of advertising, ordinary repairs of buildings 
and machinery, insurance, traveling expenses, and 
other sundry expenses, $21,553,166, or 9.1 per cent. 
These proportions, as may be seen by comparing 
the items in Table 26, vary somewhat in the several 
states. 

ENGINES, POWER, AND FUEL. 

Engines and power.—The amount of power used in 
the paper and wood pulp industry was first reported 
at the census of 1869. Table 2 shows that the total 
amount of power used increased from 54,287 horse¬ 
power in 1869 to 1,304,265 in 1909. Table 13 shows 


statistics of power as reported at the censuses of 1909, 
1904, and 1899. 


Table 13 

POWER. 

NUMBER OF 
ENGINES OR 
MOTORS. 

HORSEPOWER. 

PER CENT DIS¬ 
TRIBUTION OF 
HORSEPOWER. 

1909 

1904 

1899 

1909 

1904 

1899 

1909 

1904 

1899 

Primary power, 










total. 

6,990 

5,701 

5,238 

1,304,265 

1,093,708 

762,118 

100.0100.0 

100.0 

Owned. 

6,229 

5,661 

5,238 

1,264,185 

1,090,757 

761,858 

96.9 

99.7 

100.0 

. Steam. 

2,705 

2,487 

2,016 

469,089 

370,852 

255,854 

36.0 

33.9 

33.6 

Gas. 

46 

24 

13 

6,675 

1,916 

1,062 

0.5 

0.2 

0.1 

Water wheels.... 

3,470 

3,149 

3,209 

785,961 

717,979 

504, 762 

60.3 

65.6 

66.2 

Water motors.... 

8 

1 

6) 

2,185 

10 

(i) 

0.2 

( 2 ) 


Other. 




275 


180 

(2) 


(2) 

Rented. 

761 

40 

0) 

40,080 

2,951 

260 

3.1 

0.3 

( 2 ) 

Electric... 

761 

40 

0) 

38,610 

2,748 

85 

3.0 

0.3 

( 2 ) 

Other. 




1,470 

203 

175 

0.1 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

Electric motors. 

2,963 

574 

91 

130,120 

31,604 

2,814 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Run by current 










generated by 










establishment... 

2,202 

534 

91 

91,510 

28,856 

2,729 

70.3 

91.3 

97.0 

Run by rented 










power. 

761 

40 

0) 

38,610 

2,748 

85 

29.7 

8.7 

3.0 


1 Not reported. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 


The total primary power used in the paper and wood 
pulp mills increased from 762,118 horsepower in 1899 
to 1,304,265 horsepower in 1909, or 71.1 per cent. 
Water wheels still supply the greater part of the power 
used in the manufacture of paper and wood pulp, 
although such power represented a smaller proportion 
of the total primary power in 1909 than in 1904. Some 
part of this decrease is due to the great increase in 
rented electric power, much of which represents water 
power transformed into electrical energy. There was 
also an increase in the relative importance of both 
steam engines and gas and other internal-combustion 





















































































































































THE PAPER AND WOOD PULP INDUSTRY. 


9 


engines. The number and horsepower of electric mo¬ 
tors used for distributing power by means of current 
generated in the establishment show a great increase. 


Table 14 shows, for 1909, the amount of the several 
kinds of power and of the different kinds of fuel used 
in 20 of the leading states. 


ELECTRIC 

HORSEPOWER. 

Total. 

Gener¬ 

rented 

ated in 

and 

the 

gener¬ 

estab¬ 

ated by 

lish¬ 

estab¬ 

ment 

lish¬ 

report¬ 

ment. 

ing. 

130,120 

91,510 

255 

200 

1,925 

1,921 

2,695 

1,398 

22,395 

14,823 

6,413 

6,403 

6,241 

4,237 

4,232 

3,062 

1,258 

758 

13,963 

8,798 

1,036 

856 

28,149 

14,563 

8,000 

8,000 

9,776 

8,772 

1,270 

1,270 

10,982 

8,565 

232 

202 

50 

50 

695 

430 

5,603 

4,733 

4,950 

2,469 


Table 14 


United States 


Connecticut. 
Delaware... 

Illinois. 

Indiana_ 

Maine. 


Maryland. 

Massachusetts.. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

New Hampshire 


New Jersey .... 

New York. 

North Carolina. 

Ohio. 

Oregon. 


Pennsylvania .. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

West Virginia.. 

Wisconsin. 

All other states . 


PKIMARY HORSEPOWER. 


Num¬ 
ber of 


Owned by establishments report 

estab¬ 

lish¬ 

ments 

re¬ 

port¬ 

ing. 

Total 

horse¬ 

power. 

Total. 

Steam 

engines. 

Gas 

en¬ 

gines. 

Water 

wheels 

and 

motors. 

777 

1,304,265 

1,264,185 

469,089 

6,675 

788,146 

51 

19,509 

19,454 

11,449 


8,005 

6 

4,318 

4,318 

3,677 


641 

19 

15,169 

15,165 

11,185 

14 

3,966 

27 

18,382 

17,085 

14,930 

1,050 

1,105 

45 

223,787 

215,985 

48,271 

30 

167,684 

13 

11,407 

11,162 

10,251 


911 

88 

115,792 
48,700 

113,133 

! 59,727 

285 

53,121 

32 

47,530 

i 31,900 


15,630 

9 

23,440 

22,940 

2,310 


20,630 

34 

79,912 

74,747 

19,603 


55,144 

37 

22,996 

22,816 

19,338 

500 

2,978 

178 

337,548 

323,962 

66,196 

65 

257,701 

3 

9,650 

9,650 

6,800 


2,850 

47 

51,402 

50,398 

43,815 

2,600 

3,708 

5 

39,651 

39,651 

5,857 

5 

33,789 

62 

25 

9 

66,910 
38,191 
9,770 
11,025 

64,493 
38,161 
9,770 

58,155 
3,376 
4,510 

25 

6,313 

34,785 

5,260 

4,200 

9 

10,760 

5,910 

650 

57 

136,903 

135,683 

30,214 

1,429 

104,040 

21 

19,803 

17,322 

11,615 

22 

5,685 


Other 


275 


Rented. 


Elec¬ 

tric. 


Other. 


38,610 

55 


4 

1,297 

7,572 

10 

2,004 

1,170 

500 

5,165 

180 

13,586 


1,004 


2,417 

30 


265 

870 

2,481 


1,470 


235 

655 


FUEL USED. 


Coal. 

Coke 

(short 

tons). 

Wood 

(cords). 

Oil, in¬ 
cluding 
gasoline 
(barrels). 

Gas 

(1,000 

feet). 

Anthra¬ 

cite 

(long 

tons). 

Bitumi¬ 

nous 

(short 

tons). 

558,677 

23,184 

5,460,314 

92,807 
60,334 
223,676 
285,274 
590,101 

132,467 
465,347 
385,344 
35,360 
186,189 

79,431 

8 7 2,3’8 

125,600 

492,136 

500 

226,001 

64 

584,536 

97 

6,485,293 

540 





700 

18,482 

2 

15,202 



2,535 


41,099 



354,808 

69,131 


4,769 

11,298 

8,880 

73,847 

19 


47 




8,133 

167,046 

173,387 


42 

52 

176 





2,775 








4,581,706 




228,562 

2,188 

98,456 
4,136 

733,072 

51,642 

111,287 

49,442 

432,234 

56,193 


15,855 
4,711 
200 

58,259 







1,392,857 



37,678 

24,825 

4,756 
346,109' 


500 

77,894 



In 1909 New York, Maine, Wisconsin, and Massa¬ 
chusetts together reported 814,030 horsepower, or 62.4 
per cent of the aggregate for the industry. Steam power 
was the most important form of power in 12 of the states 
shown separately, and water power in 8. New York 
reported a larger amount of steam, water, and electric 
power than any other state, while Ohio reported the 
largest amount of power developed by gas and other 
internal combustion engines. 


Fuel consumed.—Owing to the extensive use of 
water power in the paper and wood pulp industry, 
less fuel is consumed in generating power than would 
otherwise be required. Bituminous coal was the 
principal class of fuel used in 1909. The largest 
amount was reported by New York, which state also 
used the largest amount of anthracite coal. Of the 
total amount of gas used, 70.6 per cent was reported 
for Ohio. 


SPECIAL DATA RELATING TO MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, AND EQUIPMENT. 


MATERIALS. 

Summary for the United States.—Table 15 shows sta¬ 
tistics of the materials used in the industry for 1909, 
1904, and 1899, 

The total cost of materials reported by establish¬ 
ments engaged in the manufacture of paper and wood 
pulp in 1909 was $165,442,341, as compared with 
$111,251,478 in 1904, and $70,530,236 in 1899, an 
increase during the decade of 134.6 per cent. These 
totals involve much duplication due to the use of the 
products of one establishment, especially pulp, as 
material for another. Substantial gains were made 
during the decade 1899-1909 in the quantities of the 
various materials used, with the exception of 
‘ * other chemical fiber ’ ’ and straw. The relative gains 
in quantity, however, were not as great as those in 
oost. 


Of the total cost of materials used in 1909, that 
of pulp wood represented 20.4 per cent; that of wood 
pulp purchased, 26.5 per cent; that of rags, including 
cotton and flax waste and sweepings, 6.5 per cent; that 
of old or waste paper, 8.3 per cent; and that of manila 
stock, straw, and all other materials, including fuel, 
mill supplies, etc., 38.3 per cent. The corresponding 
proportions in 1899 were as follows: Pulp wood, 13.9 
per cent; wood pulp purchased, 26 per cent; rags, etc., 
9.4 per cent; old or waste paper, 6.9 per cent; manila 
stock, straw, and ail other materials, 43.8 per cent. 
The large amount included under “ all other materials ” 
represents the cost of chemicals, clay, sizing, fuel, 
rent of power, mill supplies, etc. The cost of fuel and 
rent of power, in 1909, as shown by Table 27, was 
$18,320,266, this item representing 11.1 per cent of the 
total cost of materials. 















































































































































10 


MANUFACTURES. 


Table 15 material. 

1909 

1904 

1899 

Total cost. 

$165,442,341 

$111,251,478 

$70,530,236 

Pulp wood. 

Wood pulp, purchased: 

$33,772,475 

$20,800,871 

$9,837,516 

Tons. 

1,241,914 

$43,861,357 

877,702 

644,006 

Cost. 

Ground— 

$27,633,164 

$18,369,464 

Tons. 

452,849 

317,286 

261,962 

Cost. 

Soda fiber— 

$9,487,508 

$5,754,259 

$4,361,211 

Tons. 

154,626 

120,978 

94,042 

Cost. 

Sulphite fiber— 

$6,862,864 

$5,047,105 

$3,430,809 

Tons. 

626,029 

433,160 

273,194 

Cost. 

Other chemical fiber— 

$27,184,726 

$16,567,122 

$10,112,189 

Tons. 

8,410 

6,278 

14,808 

Cost. :. 

Rags including cotton and flax waste 
and sweepings: 

$326,259 

$264,678 

$465,255 

Tons. 

357,470 

294,552 

234,514 

Cost. 

Old or waste paper: 

$10,721,559 

$8,864,607 

$6,595,427 

Tons. 

983,882 

588.543 

356,193 

Cost. 

Manila stock, including jute bagging, 
rope, waste, threads, etc.: 

$13,691,120 

$7,430,335 

$4,869,409 

Tons. 

117,080 

107,029 

99,301 

Cost. 

Straw: 

$3,560,033 

$2,502,332 

$2,437,256 

Tons. 

303,137 

304,585 

367,305 

Cost. 

$1,460,282 

$1,502,886 

$1,395,659 

All other materials. 

$58,375,515 

$42,517,283 

$27,025,505 


Pulp wood used.—Unlike the schedules used in 1904 
and 1899, the schedule used in collecting data at the 
census of 1909 did not provide for reporting the kind 
or quantity of pulp wood used in the manufacture of 
pulp. Such data for 1909 were collected, however, by 
the Census Bureau in collaboration with the Forest 
Service of the Department of Agriculture, and the 
figures secured are shown in Table 16 in comparison 
with the census figures for 1904 and 1899. 


Table 16 

WOOD CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WOOD 
PULP (CORDS). 

KIND. 




Per cent of 
increase. 2 


19091 

1904 

1899 

1904- 

1909 

1899- 

1904 

Total. 

4,001,607 

3,050,717 

1,986,310 

31.2 

53.6 

Spruce, domestic. 

1,653,249 

1,732,531 

1,160,118 

-4.6 

49.3 

Spruce, imported. 

768,332 

538,305 

349,084 

42.7 

54.2 

Poplar, domestic. 

302,876 

213,058 

236,820 

42.2 

-10.0 

Poplar, imported. 

Hemlock, domestic. 

25,622 
559,657 

35,313 

(*) 

531,510 

20,133 
( 3 ) 

220,155 

-27.4 

75.4 

All other wood. 

691,871 

. 30.2 

141.4 


1 The figures represent the wood used by all mills manufacturing wood pulp, 
which includes a few where it was not the primary product. 

2 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 

* Included with “all other wood.” 

Up to 1899 native spruce and poplar were used 
almost exclusively for pulp wood. Since that time, 
however, the advancing price of the native stock has 
led to the increased importation of these woods from 
Canada and to the use of other and cheaper native 
woods. 

Table 17 shows the cost of the pulp wood used in 
the manufacture of wood pulp during 1909, 1904, and 
1899 in each of the five leading states in the industry. 

New York reported the largest absolute increase of 
any of the states in expenditures for pulp wood from 
1899 to 1909, with Maine second, while Maine shows 
the highest relative increase, with Wisconsin second. 


Table 17 

STATE. 

COST OF WOOD USED IN THE MANUFACTURE 
OF WOOD PULP. 

1909 

1904 

1899 

United States. 

New York. 

Maine. 

$33,772,475 

9,667,765 

7,984,338 

4,325,839 

3,222,871 

2,111,025 

6,460,637 

$20,800,871 

6,530,006 
4,838,375 
2,502,892 
2,011,363 
1,222,491 
3,695,744 

$9,837,516 

3,208,522 

1,718,091 

1,136,051 

1,157,960 

711,450 

1,905,442 

Wisconsin. 

New Hampshire. 

Pennsylvania. 

AH other states. 


Wood pulp used.—Table 18 shows the quantity of 
the different kinds of wood pulp used, both domestic 
and imported, during the years 1909, 1904, and 1899. 


Table 18 


WOOD PULP USED (TONS). 


Total: 

1909 

1904. 

1899. 


2,826,591 

2,018,764 

1,172,880 


Ground: 

1909, total. 

Domestic. 

Imported. 

1904, total. 

1899, total. 

Soda fiber: 

1909, total. 

Domestic. 

Imported. 

1904, total. 

1899, total. 

Sulphite fiber: 

1909, total. 

Domestic. 

Imported. 

1904, total. 

1899 total. 

Other chemical fiber, domestic: 

1909. 

1904. 

1899. 


1,321,368 
1,201,832 
119,536 
1,012,862 
568,284 

297,408 
287,945 
9,463 
187,382 
172,142 

1,199,405 

1,027,012 

172,393 

812,242 

417,646 

8,410 

6,278 

14,808 


Produced by 
establish¬ 
ments using. 


1,584,677 

1,141,062 

528,874 


868,519 

868,519 


695,576 

306,322 

142,782 
142,782 


66,404 

78,100 

573,376 

573,376 


379,082 

144,452 


Purchased. 


1,241,914 
877,702 
644,006 


452,849 

333,313 

119,536 

317,286 

261,962 

154,626 
145,163 
9,463 
120,978 
94,042 

626,029 
453,636 
172,393 
433,160 
273,194 

8,410 

6,278 

14,808 


The total quantity of wood pulp used in the paper 
mills in 1909 was 2,826,591 tons, as compared with 
1,172,880 tons in 1899, an increase during the 10-year 
period of 1,653,711 tons, or 141 per cent. Of the total 
quantity of wood pulp used, 56.1 per cent was produced 
in 1909 by the establishments in which it was used, as 
compared with 45.1 per cent in 1899. During the dec¬ 
ade 1899-1909 the quantity of ground wood pulp used 
increased 753,084 tons, or 132.5 per cent; that of soda 
fiber increased 125,266 tons, or 72.8 per cent; and that 
of sulphite fiber, 781,759 tons, or 187.2 per cent. 
There was, however, a decrease of 6,398 tons, or 43.2 
per cent, in the quantity of other chemical fiber. Of 
the entire quantity of wood pulp used in 1909, sulphite 
fiber constituted 42.4 per cent, as compared with 35.6 
per cent in 1899, this being the only one of the four 
classes of fiber for which a larger proportion is shown 
for 1909. The proportion of the total quantity of wood 
pulp used which was represented by ground wood de¬ 
creased from 48.5 per cent in 1899 to 46.7 per cent in 
1909; the proportion represented by soda fiber from 
14.7 per cent to 10.5 per cent; and that represented 
by other chemical fiber from 1.3 per cent to three- 
tenths of 1 per cent. 











































































































THE PAPER AND WOOD PULP INDUSTRY 


II 


Materials, by states.—Table 19 shows, by states, the 
quantity and cost of the principal materials used in the 
paper and wood pulp mills in 1909, with the quantities 
alone for 1904 and 1899. 


Table 19 


MATERIALS. 


MATERIAL AND STATE. 

1909 

1904 

1899 


Cost. 

Quantity 

(tons). 

Quantity 

(tons). 

Quantity 

(tons). 

Wood pulp, purchased, total. 

S43.861,357 

1,241,914 

877,702 

644,006 

Ground, total. 

9,487,508 

452,849 

317,286 

261,962 

New York. 

3.202,648 

150,844 

111,082 

93,749 

Maine. 

1,831,737 

98,553 

60,132 

48,740 

Wisconsin. 

1,457,025 

64,959 

43,814 

36,089 

All other states. 

2,996,098 

138,493 

102,258 

83,384 

Soda fiber, total. 

6,862,864 

154,626 

120,978 

94,042 

Massachusetts. 

1,731,456 

38,434 

39,991 

25,493 

Ohio. 

1,303,292 

27,326 

9,631 

4,563 

New York. 

715,863 

17,452 

7,058 

20,447 

Maine. 

649,660 

14,821 

12,813 

8,718 

Michigan. 

629,847 

14,950 

10.769 

7,547 

All other states. 

1,832,746 

41,643 

40,716 

27,274 

Sulphite fiber, total. 

27,184,726 
6,157,218 

626,029 

433,160 

273,194 

New York. 

162,847 

145,974 

66, 769 

Massachusetts. 

4,654,074 

91.103 

63.313 

36,912 

Wisconsin. 

3,716,104 

84,884 

57,996 

32,252 

Ohio. 

2,292,178 

47,167 

27,344 

12,647 

Maine. 

2,118,781 

52,805 

34,020 

36,541 

New Hampshire. 

1,452,253 

39,599 

7,437 

12,123 

All other states. 

6,794,118 

147,624 

97,076 

75,950 

Other chemical fiber, total. 

326,259 

8,410 

6,278 

14,808 

Rags, including cotton and flax 





waste and sweepings, total. 

10,721,559 

357,470 

294,552 

234,514 

Massachusetts. 

4,859,936 

93,558 

99,468 

86,715 

Pennsylvania. 

1,226,978 

64,654 

56,207 

34,969 

Illinois . 

638,094 

43,262 

3,023 

974 

All other states. 

3,996,551 

155,996 

135,854 

111,856 

Old or waste paper, total. 

13,691,120 

983,882 

588,543 

356,193 

New York. 

2,000,335 

155,436 

101,472 

51,691 
32,836 

Michigan. 

2,193,302 

114,497 

60,417 

New Jersey. 

1,294.513 

114,437 

47,613 

37,244 

Massachusetts. 

1,861,709 

106,216 

60,424 

42,866 

Pennsylvania. 

1,208,765 

106,150 

65,726 

46,697 

All other states. 

5,132,496 

387,146 

252,891 

144,859 

Manila stock, including jute bagging, 




99,301 

rope waste, thread, etc., total. 

3,560,033 

117,080 

107,029 

Ohio. 

856,420 

25,949 

12,268 

14,994 

New Jersey. 

554,016 
660,065 

21,162 

24,161 
14,339 

13,947 
10,955 

Massachusetts. 

17,515 

52,454 

All other states. 

1,489,532 

56,261 

59,405 

Straw, total. 

1,460,282 

303,137 

304,585 

367,305 

Indiana. 

681,604 

140,580 

119,9S1 

119,414 

Ohio. 

335.951 

70,322 

71,936 

93,127 
75,350 

Illinois. 

252,372 

57,254 

61,936 

50.732 

All other states. 

190,355 

34,981 

79,414 


The total quantity of wood pulp purchased in 1909 
was 1,241,914 tons, as compared with 877,702 tons 
in 1904 and 644,006 tons in 1899, an increase of 
597,908 tons, or 92.8 per cent, during the decade. 
The total quantity of the different kinds of wood 
pulp used, including that purchased and that produced 
in the establishment where used, is given in Table 18. 

PRODUCTS. 

Summary for the United States.—Table 20 shows the 
quantity and value of the several kinds of paper prod¬ 
ucts manufactured in 1909, 1904, and 1899 by estab¬ 
lishments in the industry, the quantity and value of 
wood pulp manufactured for sale or for use in other 
establishments, and the total production of wood 
pulp, which includes that made for use in the same 
establishment. 

The total value of all products for establishments 
engaged primarily in the manufacture of paper and 
wood pulp was $267,656,964 in 1909, as compared with 
$188,715,189 in 1904 and $127,326,162 in 1899, an in¬ 
crease of 110.2 per cent during the decade. 


Table 20 

PRODUCT. 

1909 

1904 

1899 

Total value. 

i $267,656,964 

$188,715,189 

$127,32S, 162: 

News paper: 

Total— 

Tons. 

1,175,554 

912,822 

569,212 

Value. 

$46,855,560 

$35,906,460 

$20,091,874 

In rolls— 

Tons. 

1,091,017 

840,802 

454,572 

Value. 

$42,807,064 

$32,763,308 

$15,754,992. 

In sheets— 


Tons. 

84,537 

72,020 

114,640 

Value. 

$4,048,496 

$3,143,152 

$4,336,882, 

Book paper; 

Plain— 


Tons. 

575,616 

434,500 

282,093 

Value. 

$42,846,674 

$31,156,728 

$19,466,804, 

Coated— 


Tons. 

95,213 

( 2 ) 

(*) 

Value. 

$9,413,961 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

Plate, lithograph, map, wood- 
cut, etc.— 



Tons. 

6,498 

19,837 

22,366. 

Value. 

$555,352 

$1,458,343 

$2,018,958 

Cover— 

Tons. 

17,578 

22,150 

18,749 

Value. 

$1,982,853 

$2,023,986 

$1,665,376. 

Cardboard, bristol board, card mid¬ 
dles, tickets, etc.— 

Tons. 

51,449 

39,060 

28,494 

Value. 

$3,352,151 

$2,764,444 

$1,719,813 

Fine paper: 

Writing— 



Tons. 

169,125 

131,934 

90,204 
$12,222,870 

Value. 

$24,966,102 

$19,321,045 

All other— 

Tons. 

29,088 

14,898 

22,503 

Value. 

$4,110,536 

$2,928,125 

$3,673,104 

Wrapping paper: 



Manila (rope, jute, tag, etc.)— 




Tons. 

73,731 

86,826 

89,419 
$5,929,764 

Value. 

$6,989,436 

$6,136,080 

Heavy(mill wrappers, etc.)— 

96,992 

82,875 

Tons. 

108,561 

Value. 

$4,380,794 

$4,035,588 

$4,143,240 

Straw— 

Tons. 

32,988 

54,232 

91,794 

Value. 

$870,419 

$1,389,348 

$2,027,518 

Bogus or wood manila, all grades— 

Tons. 

367,932 

228,371 

203,826 

Value. 

$19,777,707 

$10,099,772 

$9,148,677 

All other— 


Tons. 

179,855 

177,870 

67,338 

Value. 

$10,202,035 

$8,774,804 

$3,293,174 

Boards: 

Wood pulp— 

Tons. 

71,036 

60,863 

44,187 

Value. 

$2,639,496 

$2,347,250 

$1,406,130 

Straw— 

Tons. 

171,789 

167,278 

157,534 

Value. 

$3,750,851 

$4,367,560 

$3,187,342 

News— 

Tons. 

74,606 

38,560 

32,119 

Value. 

$2,215,469 

$1,174,216 

$930,531 

All other— 


Tons. 

514,208 

253,950 

131,777 

Value. 

$17,539,768 

$9,070,531 

$4,829,316 

Other paper products: 

Tissues— 


Tons. 

77,745 

43.925 

28,406 

Value. 

$8,553,654 

$5,056,438 

$3,486,652 

Blotting paper— 

4,351 

Tons. 

9,577 

8,702 

Value. 

$1,186,180 

$1,046,790 

$580,750 

Building (roofing, asbestos, and 
sheathing) paper — 

Tons. 

225,824 

145,024 

96,915 

Value. 

$9,251,368 

$4,845,628 

$3,025,967 

Hanging papers— 

Tons. 

92,158 

62,606 

54,330 

Value. 

$4,431,514 

$3,013,464 

$2,265,345 

Miscellaneous— 




Tons. 

96,577 

106,296 

49,101 

Value. 

$6,869,169 

$6,729,820 

$2,795,841 

Wood pulp made for sale or for use 
in establishments other than where 
produced, total: 

780,706 

650,651 

Tons... 

910,846 

Value. 

$30,177,366 

$23,144,574 

$18,497,701 

Ground— 


Tons. 

310,747 

273,400 

280,052 

Value. 

$5,649,466 

$4,323,495 

$4,433,699 

Soda fiber— 

Tons. 

155,844 

130,366 

99,014 

Value. 

$6,572,152 

$5,159,615 

$3,612,602 

Sulphite fiber— 



Tons. 

444,255 

376,940 

271,585 

Value. 

$17,955,748 

$13,661,464 

$10,451,400 

All other products. 

Wood pulp. 

$4,738,549 

$1,924,195 

$919,415 

Quantity produced (including that 
used in mills where manufactured), 




total tons. 

2,495,523 

1,921,768 

1,179,525 

Ground, tons. 

1,179,266 

968.976 

586,374 

Soda fiber, tons. 

298,626 

196,770 

177,114 

Sulphite fiber, tons. 

1,017,631 

756,022 

416,037 


1 In addition, in 1909, paper and wood pulp to the value of $2,567,267 were 
made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of paper bags; 
fancy and paper boxes; explosives; miscellaneous paper goods; pulp goods: roofing 
materials; sand and emery paper and cloth; and steam packing. These products, 
which consisted chiefly of building, roofing, and sheathing paper, paper boards, 
and wood pulp, represented 61,931 tons of paper and 3,432 tons of pulp. 

2 Not reported separately. 









































































































































12 


MANUFACTURES. 


These totals involve considerable duplication due to 
the sale of pulp to other establishments in the industry, 
but the duplication was of about equal relative amount 
at each census. 

Of the 4,216,708 tons of paper of all kinds manu¬ 
factured during the year 1909, 1,175,554 tons, or 
27.9 per cent, was news paper. Book paper (including 
coated, plate, and cover) formed 16.5 per cent; card¬ 
board, 1.2 per cent; fine paper, 4.7 per cent; wrap¬ 
ping paper, 18.1 per cent; boards, 19.7 per cent; tissue 
paper, 1.8 per cent; blotting paper, two-tenths of 1 
per cent; building (roofing, asbestos, and sheathing) 
paper, 5.4 per cent; hanging papers, 2.2 per cent; 
and miscellaneous paper products, 2.3 per cent. The 
corresponding proportions of the 2,167,593 tons of all 
kinds of paper produced in 1899 were as follows: 
News paper, 26.3 per cent; book paper, 14.9 per cent; 
cardboard, 1.3 per cent; fine paper, 5.2 per cent; wrap¬ 
ping paper, 24.7 per cent; boards, 16.9 per cent; tis¬ 
sues, 1.3 per cent; blotting paper, two-tenths of 1 per 
cent; building paper, 4.5 per cent; hanging papers, 2.5 
per cent; and miscellaneous paper products, 2.3 per 
cent. 

The total amount of wood pulp made for sale or for 
use in establishments other than where produced for 
1909 was 910,846 tons, as compared with 780,706 tons 
in 1904 and 650,651 tons in 1899, an increase of 260,195 
tons, or 40 per cent, during the decade. Of the total 
quantity of wood pulp produced in 1909, ground wood 
formed 34.1 per cent; soda fiber, 17.1 per cent; and 
sulphite fiber, 48.8 per cent, as compared with 43 per 
cent, 15.2 per cent, and 41.7 per cent, respectively, 
in 1899. Both soda and sulphite fiber show large 
increases for the decade 1899-1909, but ground wood 
pulp shows only a small increase. 

The quantity of wood pulp produced in all mills in 
the industry in 1909 was 2,495,523 tons, as compared 
with 1,921,768 tons in 1904 and 1,179,525 tons in 
1899, thus showing an increase during the decade of 
1,315,998 tons, or 111.6 per cent. Of the total 
quantity of wood pulp produced in 1909, including 
that made for sale or for use in establishments other 
than that in which it was produced and that used in 
the establishments where produced, ground wood 
formed 47.3 per cent; soda fiber, 12 per cent; and sul¬ 
phite fiber, 40.8 per cent, as compared with 49.7 per 
cent, 15 per cent, and 35.3 per cent, respectively, in 
1899. The output of sulphite fiber increased 144.6 per 
cent during the decade, that of ground wood pulp 101.1 
per cent, and that of soda fiber 68.6 per cent. A 
larger proportion of the wood pulp produced in 1909 
was used in the establishments where produced than 
was the case in 1899. This is shown by the fact that 


the proportion of each of the three kinds of fiber 
manufactured for sale or for use in establishments 
other than where produced was smaller in 1909 than 
at the census 10 years earlier. 

Table 21 shows the actual amount of increase and 
the percentage of increase for both the quantity and 
value of the principal products of the paper mills 
during the decade from 1899 to 1909. 


Table 21 

increase:' 1899-1909 

PRODUCT. 

Amount. 

Per cent. 


Quantity 

(tons). 

Value. 

Quan¬ 

tity. 

Value. 

News paper, total. 

606,342 

636,445 

826,763,686 

27,052,072 

—288,386 

106.5 

133.3 

In rolls. 

140.0 

171. 7 

In sheets. 

—30,103 

—26.3 

—6.7 

Book paper, plain. 

293,523 

22,955 

78,921 

6,585 

164,106 

25,686' 

—15,688 

23,379,870 

1,632,338 

12,743,232 

437,432 

10,629,030 

237,554 

1,059,672 

1,233,366 
563,509 
1,284,938 
5,067,002 
605,430 

104.1 

120.1 

Cardboard, bristol board, card middles, 
tickets, etc. 

80.6 

94.9 

Fine paper: 

Writing. 

87.5 

104.3 

All other. 

29.3 

11.9 

Wrapping paper: 

Bogus or wood manila, all grades. 

Heavy (mill wrappers, etc.). 

80.5 

31.0 

116.2 

5.7 

Manila (rope, jute, tag, etc.). 

—17.5 

17.9 

Boards: 

Wood pulp. 

26,849 

14,255 

60.8 

87.7 

Straw. 

9.0 

17.7 

News. 

42,487 

49,339 

5,226 

128,909 

37,828 

132.3 

138.1 

Tissues. 

173.7 

145.3 

Blotting paper. 

120.1 

104.2 

Building (roofing, asbestos, and sheathing) 
paper. 

6,225,401 

2,166,169 

133.0 

205.7 

Hanging papers. 

69.6 

95.6 



1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 


Actual increases are shown in the quantities of all 
of the different varieties of paper for which separate 
totals are given in Table 21, with the exception of 
news paper in sheets and manila wrapping paper. 
Both news paper in sheets and manila wrapping paper, 
however, show an increased value per ton in 1909 over 
that shown for 1899. Of the several products the 
largest actual increase, amounting to 636,445 tons, is 
shown for the production of news paper in rolls. The 
quantity and value of the news paper in sheets show an 
actual decrease. Next to news paper in rolls the 
largest amount of increase in value is shown for book 
paper. All but four of the classes of paper listed in 
the table show a larger relative increase in value than 
in quantity, the exceptions being “all other” fine 
paper, heavy wrapping paper, tissues, and blotting 
paper. 

Products, by states.—Table 22 shows, by states, 
the quantities and values of the different kinds of 
products of paper and wood pulp mills in 1909, and 
the quantities produced in 1904 and 1899. This 
table also shows, by states, the total quantity of the # 
different kinds of wood pulp produced, including that 
used in the mills where manufactured, in 1909, 1904, 
and 1899. 































THE PAPER AND WOOD PULP INDUSTRY. 

PAPER AND WOOD PULP—PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899. 


13 


Table 22 


PRODUCT AND STATE. 


News paper, total. 

In rolls, total. 

New York. 

Maine. 

Wisconsin. 

Minnesota. 

Vermont. 

All other states.. 

In sheets, total.. 

Wisconsin. 

New York. 

All other states.. 

Book paper: 

Plain, total. 

Massachusetts..., 

Maine.. 

Pennsylvania.... 

Michigan.. 

New York.. 

Ohio. 

Wisconsin. 

New Hampshire. 
All other states.. 


Coated, total. 

Massachusetts. 

All other states. 

Plate, lithograph, map, woodcut, 
etc., total. 


Cover, total. 

Massachusetts.. 
Connecticut.... 
All other states. 


Cardboard, bristol board, card middles, 

tickets, etc., total. 

Massachusetts. 

New York. 

All other states. 

Fine paper: 

Writing, total. 

Massachusetts. 

Wisconsin. 

Pennsylvania. 

Ohio. 

Connecticut. 

All other states. 


PRODUCTS. 


All other, total_.'. 

Massachusetts.. 

Pennsylvania. 

All other states. 

Wrapping paper: 

Manila (rope, jute, tag, etc.), total. 

Massachusetts. 

New Jersey. 

Ohio. 

New York. 

Pennsylvania. 

Connecticut. 

All other states. 


Heavy (mill wrappers, etc.), total. 

Pennsylvania. 

New York. 

Maine. 

New Jersey. 

Ohio. 

Massachusetts. 

All other states. 

Straw, total. 

Ohio. 

New York. 

All other states. 


Bogus or wood manila, all grades, 

total. 

Maine. 

New York. 

Wisconsin. 

New Hampshire.. 

Vermont.. 

Pennsylvania.. 

All other states. 


All other, total. 

W isconsin. 

Michigan. 

New York. 

Pennsylvania.. 

Ohio. 

Indiana. 

All other states. 

Boards: 

Wood pulp, total... 

New York. 

All other states. 

Straw, total. 

Indiana. 

Ohio. 

Illinois. 


1909 

1904 

1899 

Value. 

Quantity 

Quanl ity 

Quan¬ 

tity 

(tons). 

(tons). 

(tons). 

. §46,855,560 

1,175,554 

912,822 

569,212 

42,807,064 

1,091,017 

840,802 

454,572 

13,842,676 

355,155 

330,423 

162,153 

. 11,355,479 

311,608 

213,476 

112,995 

5, S96,478 

142,641 

93,149 

58,850 

1,646,753 

39,116 

18,230 

0) 

68.8,363 

16,455 

34,304 

22,685 

9,377,315 

226,042 

151,220 

97,889 

4,048,496 

84,537 

72,020 

114,640 

1,305,228 

26,510 

28,600 

31,225 

819,569 

19,653 

17,123 

42,804 

1,923,699 

38,374 

26,297 

40,611 

42,846,674 

575,616 

434,500 

282,093 

7,103,256 

88,744 

93,439 

39,551 

5,931,547 
5,579,757 

82,169 

66,797 

30;041 

73,763 

57, 779 

52,366 

5,231,704 

72,677 

48, 742 

44,433 

4,303,427 

66,-139 

29,092 

27,611 

3,902,300 

48,589 

17,825 

13,861 

3,795,920 

57,493 

49,989 

25,206 

1.046,167 

13,400 

12,039 

9,137 

5,952,596 

72,642 

58, 798 

39,887 

9,413,961 

95,213 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

2,354,911 

7,059,050 

26,135 
69,078 

6,498 

( 2 ) 

( 2 ) 

555,352 

19,837 

22,366 

1,982,853 

17,578 

22,150 

18,749 

489,275 

3,898 

2,448 

4,035 

327,881 

2,438 

2,895 

3,620 

1,165,697 

11,242 

16,807 

11,094 

3,352,151 

51,449 

39,060 

28,494 

2,135,206 

26,694 

23,504 

13,564 

514,709 

10,438 

10,948 

4,382 

702,236 

14,317 

4,608 

10,548 

24,966,102 

169,125 

131,934 

90,204 

15,580,692 

85,268 

76,503 

54,791 

3,271,402 

27,379 

17,333 

10,332 

2,339,130 

26,426 

19,857 

16,824 

2,100,911 
507,694 

16,379 

6,552 

3,315 

2,711 

3,430 

2,001 

1,166,273 

10,962 

8,259 

2,941 

4,110,536 

29,088 

14,898 

22,503 

1,857,876 

4,327 

4,272 

13,264 

1,168,937 

12,825 

2,238 

3,120 

1,083,723 

11,936 

8,388 

6,119 

6,989,436 

73,731 

86,826 

89,419 

1,543,083 

11,025 

7,517 

6,697 

1,381,123 

13,663 

7,279 

7,377 

1,264,635 

12,393 

10,056 

18,579 

1,045,375 

17,347 

20,888 

22,760 

670,071 

5,702 

5,964 

6,930 

428,292 
656,857 

4,035 

5,428 

2,790 

9,566 

29,694 

24,286 

4,380,794 

10S,561 

96,992 

82,875 

1, 777,450 

36,619 

31,043 

5,921 

695,468 

18,951 

12,741 

38,556 

482,872 

11,463 

11,768 

953 

298,231 

6,767 

2,000 

3 

147,869 

5,725 

6,314 

5,646 

89,649 

1,350 

27,686 

3,074 

10,254 

889,255 

30,052 

21,542 

870,419 

32,988 

54,232 

91,794 

217,050 

8,682 

9,078 

10,619 

116,922 

3,374 

4,369 

14,650 

536,447 

20,932 

40,785 

66,525 

19,777,707 

367,932 

228,371 

203,826 

7,596,427 

132,233 

66,631 

31,849 

4,206,208 

79,952 

75,262 

74,724 

2,588,031 

51,641 

16,838 

17,981 

2,429,835 

45,627 

26,647 

13,963 

700,578 

12,635 

8,517 

13,700 

278,993 

6,167 

1,571 

11,457 

1,977,635 

39,677 

32,905 

40,152 

10,202,035 

179,855 

177,870 

67,338 

2,346,068 

41,471 

53,886 

13,956 

2,254,318 

38,224 

18,326 

3,586 

1,660,271 
1,228,064 

30,474 

43,926 

6,695 

15,507 

18,514 

9,997 

668,678 

13,218 

12,489 

7,400 

521,121 

9,109 

1,510 

658 

1,523,515 

31,852 

29,219 

25,046 

2,639,496 

71,036 

60,863 

44,187 

948,796 

23,757 

11,011 

12,133 

1,690,700 

47,279 

49,852 

32,054 

3,750,851 

171,789 

167,278 

157,534 

1,692,128 

82,056 

59,114 

70,081 

853,100 

37,710 

33,953 

40,531 

621,340 

29,510 

22,408 

20,100 


PRODUCTS. 


PRODUCT AND STATE. 


B oard s—Continued. 

Straw—Continued. 

Michigan. 

New York. 

All other states.. 

News, total. 

New Jersey. 

New York. 

All other states.. 

All other, total. 

New York. 

Connecticut. 

Ohio. 

Massachusetts... 

Michigan. 

Illinois. 

Indiana... 

New Jersey. 

Pennsylvania... 
All other states.. 

Other paper products: 

Tissues, total.. 

New York. 

. New Jersey.. 

Wisconsin'... 

New Hampshire. 

Connecticut.. 

Vermont.. 

All other states.. 

Blotting paper, total. 

Virginia. 

All other states.. 


Building (roofing, asbestos, 

sheathing) paper, total. 

Pennsylvania. 

Illinois. 

Massachusetts. 

New York. 

New Jersey.. 

Ohio. 

All other states.. 


and 


Hanging papers 
• York .[ 


_ . .total. 

New 

Pennsylvania. 

Wisconsin.. 

All other states. 


Miscellaneous, total. 
Massachusetts.. 

New York. 

Ohio. 

Vermont. 

Pennsylvania... 

Michigan. 

Connecticut. 

All other states. 


Wood pulp, made for sale or for use 
in establishments other than where 

produced, total.. 

Ground, total. 

New York. 

Maine. 

Wisconsin. 

Vermont.. 

All other states. 


Soda fiber, total. 

Maine. 

New York. 

Pennsylvania 
All other states.. 

Sulphite fiber, total.. 

New York. 

New Hampshire. 

Wisconsin. 

Maine. 

All other states.. 


1909 


1901 


Value. 


Wood pulp produced (including that 
used m mills where manufactured), 

total.. 

Ground, total. 

New York. 

Maine."._ 

Wisconsin. 

Vermont. 

All other states. 


Soda fiber, total. 

Pennsylvania.... 

Maine. 

New York. 

Allother states.. 

Sulphite fiber, total.. 

New York. 

Maine. 

Wisconsin. 

New Hampshire. 
All other states.. 


§88,348 
26,462 
489,473 

2,215,469 
971,972 
144,844 
1,098,653 

17,539,768 
3,985,633 
1,839,145 
1,814,196 
1,672,910 
1,652,327 
1,478,251 
1,335,538 
1,139,852 
1,024,411 
1,597,505 

8,553,654 
2,786,101 
1,296,540 
988,516 
755,015 
438,097 
331,013 
1,958,372 

1,186,180 

640,550 

545,630 

9,251,368 
1,937,000 
1,918,123 
1,870,079 
825,681 
737,884 
598,680 
1,363,921 

4,431,514 
2,865,839 
566,695 
411,240 
587,740 

6,869,169 
1,623,031 
793,169 
784,035 
607,440 
302,523 
229,718 
206,079 
2,323,174 


30,177,366 
5,649,466 
1,859,391 
1,822,734 
816,470 
542,348 
608,523 

6,572,152 
1,748,294 
1,375,169 
, 683,610 
2,765,079 

17,955,748 
5,586,136 
3,731,579 
2,895,047 
1,799,476 
3,943,510 


Quantity Quantity 
(tons). (tons). 


2,583 

746 

19,184 

74,606 
33,411 
5,477 
35,718 

514,208 
111,487 
46,957 
54,116 
45,380 
48,355 
51,200 
40,556 
37,302 
41,314 
37,541 

77,745 
30,049 
8,939 
10,835 
8,737 
2,041 
3,500 
13,644 

9,577 
5,079 
4,498 

225,824 
60,168 
48,082 
14,602 
21,743 
21,878 

18.974 
40,377 

92,158 
62,179 
9,769 
8,868 
11,342 

96,577 
19,322 
30,320 
5,788 

10.974 
2,390 
3,484 
1,702 

22,597 


910,846 
310,747 
100,383 
107,116 
37,964 
30,543 
34,741 

155,844 

41,106 

33,236 

16,589 

64,913 

444.255 

146.256 
93,269 
73,719 
46,073 
84,938 


2,495,523 
1,179,266 
405,376 
324,264 
166,822 
48,390 
234,414 

298,626 
80,776 
78,940 
39,441 
99,469 

1,017,631 

234,717 

217,501 

154,391 

133,687 

277,335 


2,776 
7,111 
41,916 

38,560 
15,870 
7,230 
15,460 

253,950 
64,742 
36,087 
24,843 
12,117 
12,106 
27,416 
20,137 
14,822 
23,893 
17,787 

43,925 

18,101 

6,162 

5,989 

2,508 

2,169 

3,045 

5,951 

8,702 

3,344 

5,358 

145,024 
67,797 
7,954 
7,153 
10,963 
20,802 
15,400 
14,955 

62,606 
42,722 
7,814 
1,754 
10,316 

106,296 
15,186 
8,858 
28,127 
9,696 
2,508 
2,876 
1,135 
37,910 


780,706 
273,400 
128,695 
64,480 
35,645 
23,529 
21,051 

130,366 
45,376 
17,379 
17,465 
50,146 

376,940 
89,368 
91,895 
53,632 
58,261 
83,784 


1,921,768 
968,976 
379,029 
230,340 
124, 746 
51,839 
183,022 

196,770 
53,682 
53,257 
26,966 
62,865 

756,022 
200,019 
173,324 
113,047 
115,195 
154,437 


1899 


Quan¬ 

tity 

(tons). 


4,110 

7.806 
14,906 

32,119 
15,931 
3,775 
12,413 

131,777 

16,680 

21,958 

13,134 

13,592 

3,950 

16,428 

13,455 

5,234 

18,936 

8,410 

28,406 

8,415 

4,480 

2,960 

3,973 

1,740 

1,918 

4,920 

4,351 

1.807 
2,544 

96,915 
45,923 


14,372 
8,044 
7,133 
7,275 
14,168 

54,330 

39,593 

4,416 

120 

10,201 

49,101 
5,852 
9,556 
4,530 
1,366 
6,333 
2,971 
402 
18,091 


650,651 
280,052 
122,607 
78,954 
28,396 
29,389 
20,706 

99,014 
32,956 
15,034 
11,668 
39,356 

271,585 
76,658 
80,718 
35,261 
27,143 
51,805 


1,179,525 
586,374 
245,293 
129,878 
77,305 
48,153 
85,745 

177,114 

61,662 

44,162 

24,346 

46,944 

416,037 
124,996 
57,579 
59,793 
87,852 
85,817 


1 Included in “all other states.” 


2 Not reported separately. 




























































































































































































































14 


MANUFACTURES. 


Equipment.—Table 23 shows the number and ca¬ 
pacity of the different paper machines and the different 
types of pulp equipment reported for the industry in 
1909, 1904, and 1899. 


Table 23 EQUIPMENT. 

1909 

1904 

1899 

Paper machines: 




Total number. 

1,480 

1,369 

1,232 

Capacity, yearly, tons. 

5,293,397 

3,857,903 

2,782,219 

Fourdrinier— 



Number... 

804 

752 

663 

Capacity per 24 hours, tons. 

10,508 

8,569 

0 

Cylinder- 



Number. 

676 

617 

569 

Capacity per 24 hours, tons. 

6,316 

4,740 

0 

Pulp equipment: 


Grinders, number. 

1,435 

1,362 

1,168 

Digesters, total number. 

542 

517 

426 

Sulphite fiber, number. 

Soda fiber, number. 

348 

309 

0 

194 

208 

0 

Capacity, yearly, tons ol pulp. 

3,405,621 

2,644,753 

1,536,431 

Ground, tons. 

1,809,685 

1,515,088 

0 

Sulphite, tons. 

1,250,983 

885,092 

0 

Soda, tons. 

344,953 

244.573 

0 


1 Not reported. 2 Not reported separately. 


Paper machines.—The number of Fourdrinier ma- 
'chines increased 21.3 per cent, and the number of 
cylinder machines 18.8 per cent, during the decade, 
while their combined yearly capacity increased 2,511,178 
tons, or 90.3 per cent. The total capacity of the 


Fourdrinier machines per 24 hours in 1909 was 10,508 
tons, or an average of 13.1 tons per machine, as com¬ 
pared with 8,569 tons, or 11.4 tons per machine, in 
1904. The total capacity of the cylinder machines in 
1909 was 6,316 tons, or an average of 9.3 tons per 
machine, as compared with 4,740 tons, or 7.7 tons per 
machine, in 1904. The capacity of the machines was 
not reported in 1899. 

Pulp-mill equipment.-^The total capacity of the pulp 
mills increased 121.7 per cent during the decade 1899 
to 1909 and 28.8 per cent during the five-year period 
1904-1909. The capacity of the apparatus for man¬ 
ufacturing the three classes of pulp was not reported 
for 1899, but during the period 1904-1909 the capac¬ 
ity increased as follows: Grinders, 19.4 per cent; sul¬ 
phite digesters, 41.3 per cent; and soda digesters, 41 
per cent. 

Imports and exports.—Table 24 shows the imports 
of paper, paper stock, and wood pulp, and the ex¬ 
ports of paper and wood pulp, in the different years 
from 1899 to 1909 as reported by the Bureau of For¬ 
eign and Domestic Commerce of the Department of 
Commerce. 


Table 24 


IMPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 



IMPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 

TEAR ENDING 



Wood pulp. 


Wood pulp. 

YEAR ENDING 



Wood pulp. 


Wood pulp. 

JUNE 30— 

Paper 

(value). 

Paper 

stock 

(value). 

Quan¬ 

tity 

(long 

tons). 

Value. 

Paper 

(value). 

Quan¬ 

tity 

(long 

tons). 

Value. 

JUNE 30— 

Paper 

(value). 

Paper 

stock 

(value). 

Quan¬ 

tity 

(long 

tons). 

Value. 

Paper 

(value). 

Quan¬ 

tity 

(long 

tons). 

Value. 

1909. 

*11,632,571 

12,223,058 

10,727,885 

$3,638,034 

3,675,926 

5,580,528 

274,217 

237,514 

213,110 

*8,629,263 

7,313,326 

6,348,857 

*7,663,139 

8,064,706 

9,856,733 

9,219 

10,645 

11,196 

*448,960 

1903. 

*4,733,036 

4,223,125 

4,002,989 

*3,015,084 
2,770,255 
2,183,686 

116,881 

67,416 

*3,387,770 

*7,180,014 

7,312,030 

7,438,901 

10,029 

*445,228 

1908.... 

519,625 
498,552 

1902. 

2,059,092 

1,586,402 

17,120 

740,103 

1907. 

1901. 

46,757 

27,468 

1,051,867 

1906. 

6,998,761 
5,623,638 
5,319,086 

4,374,464 

3,796,595 

2,900,713 

157,224 
167,504 
144,796 

4,584,942 

4,500,955 

3,602,668 

9,536,065 

8,238,088 

7,543,728 

13,162 

587,878 

473,585 

593,474 

1900. 

3,795,645 
3,191,589 

3,261,778 

2,614,914 

82,441 

2,405,630 

671,506 

6,215,833 

5,477,884 

12,748 

458,463 

1905. 

1904. 

10,582 

13,496 

1899. 

33,319 

24,970 

696,319 


DETAILED STATE TABLES. 


The principal statistics secured by the census 
inquiry concerning the paper and wood pulp industry 
are presented, by states, in Tables 25 and 26. 

Table 25 shows, for 1909,1904, and 1899, the number 
of establishments, number of persons engaged in the 


industry, primary horsepower, capital invested, sal¬ 
aries, wages, cost of materials, value of products, and 
value added by manufacture. 

Table 26 gives more detailed statistics for the 
industry for 1909 only. 





































































THE 


PAPER AND WOOD PULP 


INDUSTRY. 


PAPER AND WOOD PULP—COMPARATIVE STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899. 


15 


Table 25 

STATE. 

Census. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ments. 

PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. 

Primary 

horse¬ 

power. 

Capital. 

Salaries. 

Wages. 

Cost of 
materials. 

Value of 
products. 

Value 
added by 
manu¬ 
facture 
(value of 
products 
less cost 
of mate¬ 
rials). 

Total. 

Pro¬ 

prie¬ 

tors 

and 

firm 

mem¬ 

bers. 

Salaried 

em¬ 

ployees. 

Wage 

earners 

(average 

number). 

Expressed in thousands. 

United States. 

1909 

777 

81,473 

250 

5,245 

75,978 

1,304,265 

$409,349 

$9,510 

$40,805 

$165,442 

$267,657 

$102,215 


1904 

761 

70,051 

309 

3,778 

65,964 

1,093,708 

277,444 

6,097 

32,019 

111,251 

188,715 

77,464 


1899 

763 

53,012 

431 

2,935 

49,646 

762,118 

167,508 

4,501 

20,746 

70,530 

127,326 

56,796 

California. 

1909 

4 

340 

2 

26 

312 

7,163 

2,068 

36 

207 

440 

969 

529 


1904 

3 

273 

2 

12 

259 

3,808 

1,176 

20 

181 

274 

640 

366 


i 1899 













Connecticut. 

1909 

51 

1,920 

24 

176 

1,720 

19,509 

7,195 

351 

924 

3,303 

5,527 

2,224 


1904 

50 

1,933 

29 

154 

1,750 

18,021 

5,893 

236 

843 

2,738 

5,039 

2,301 


1899 

49 

1,576 

36 

115 

1,425 

14,621 

3,968 

152 

633 

1,982 

3,565 

1,583 

Delaware. 

1909 

6 

' 599 

4 

49 

546 

4,318 

3,314 

61 

310 

1,587 

2,292 

705 


1904 

6 

575 

6 

22 

547 

5,115 

3,176 

70 

252 

1,270 

1,905 

635 


1899 

6 

476 

6 

19 

451 

4,010 

2,143 

62 

194 

1,028 

1,600 

572 

Illinois. 

1909 

19 

1,542 

3 

142 

1,397 

15,169 

8,400 

200 

727 

3,099 

4,983 

1,884 


1904 

19 

1,036 

4 

73 

959 

12,818 

3,993 

120 

462 

1,416 

2,443 

1,027 


1899 

15 

664 

6 

35 

623 

9,551 

1,555 

37 

250 

798 

1,432 

634 

Indiana. 

1909 

27 

1,627 

7 

119 

1,501 

18,382 

7,132 

173 

754 

3,497 

5,202 

1,705 


1904 

36 

1,737 

5 

112 

1,620 

19,775 

6,511 

132 

664 

2,517 

3,917 

1,400 


1899 

39 

1,962 

12 

134 

1,816 

23,797 

5,379 

186 

724 

2,471 

4,170 

1,699 

Iowa. 

1909 

4 

225 


20 

205 

1,435 

67*1 

25 

81 

281 

437 

156 


1904 

4 

165 


13 

152 

1,005 

368 

12 

66 

131 

253 

122 


1899 

4 

193 

2 

11 

180 

1,210 

1 S 2 

12 

64 

107 

244 

137 

Kansas. 

1909 

3 

109 

1 

11 

97 

920 

330 

14 

46 

120 

218 

98 


1904 

3 

105 

6 

8 

91 

1,078 

132 

8 

46 

78 

202 

124 


i 1899 













Maine. 

1909 

45 

9,146 

17 

482 

8,647 

223,787 

65,133 

1,019 

5,267 

20,504 

33,950 

13,446 


1904 

37 

7,935 

11 

350 

7,574 

152,294 

41,274 

605 

4,053 

13,868 

22,951 

9,083 


1899 

35 

5,121 

12 

258 

4,851 

92,330 

17,473 

445 

2,163 

7,119 

13,223 

6,104 

Maryland. 

1909 

13 

1,349 

15 

85 

1,249 

11,407 

8,399 

140 

639 

3,278 

4,894 

1,616 


1904 

16 

1,074 

19 

47 

1,008 

7,343 

6,350 

76 

397 

2,453 

3,296 

813 


1899 

21 

983 

11 

35 

937 

8,503 

2,721 

59 

326 

1,731 

2,590 

859 

Massachusetts. 

1909 

8 S 

13,742 

24 

870 

12,848 

115,792 

42,524 

1,690 

6,542 

22,350 

40,097 

17,747 


1904 

87 

12,365 

33 

627 

11,705 

104,954 

41,074 

1,185 

5,588 

17.947 

32,012 

14.065 


1899 

93 

9,606 

35 

510 

9,061 

82,200 

26,693 

861 

3,938 

11,919 

22,141 

10,222 

Michigan. 

1909 

32 

4,581 

5 

249 

4,327 

48,700 

15,754 

423 

2,142 

9.025 

13,922 

4.897 


1904 

30 

3,221 

6 

163 

3,052 

31,357 

8,398 

218 

1,306 

4,581 

7,341 

2. 760 


1899 

27 

2,130 

9 

107 

2,014 

22,856 

4,506 

143 

701 

2,708 

4,218 

1,510 

Minnesota. 

1909 

9 

640 


33 

607 

23,440 

3,235 

64 

361 

1.438 

2,385 

947 


1904 

4 

418 


22 

396 

7,153 

1,491 

31 

234 

677 

1.146 

469 


i 1899 













New Hampshire. 

1909 

34 

3,668 

13 

242 

3,413 

79,912 

27,534 

485 

2,106 

9,253 

13,994 

4,741 


1904 

25 

2,674 

5 

147 

2,522 

49, 784 

14,041 

209 

1,315 

5,328 

8,930 

3,602 


1899 

29 

2,524 

20 

113 

2,391 

48,590 

8,163 

173 

1,037 

3,953 

7,245 

3,292 

New Jersey. 

1909 

37 

2,445 

11 

211 

2,223 

22,996 

10.742 

456 

1,181 

4.769 

7,554 

2,785 


1904 

38 

1,773 

15 

129 

1.629 

17,336 

7,123 

233 

787 

3,022 

5,043 

2,021 


1899 

34 

1,308 

25 

93 

1,190 

12,978 

3,671 

163 

553 

1,715 

3,195 

1,480 

New York. 

1909 

178 

13,018 

59 

886 

12,073 

337,548 

90,912 

1,471 

6,744 

31,767 

48,860 

17,093 


1904 

177 

13,262 

85 

759 

12,418 

390,730 

56,462 

1,132 

6,402 

22,806 

37,751 

14.945 


1899 

179 

10,001 

129 

604 

9,268 

227, 767 

37,349 

859 

4,100 

14,563 

26.716 

12,153 

Ohio. 

1909 

47 

4,972 

3 

296 

4,673 

51,402 

20,970 

596 

2,419 

10,898 

16.965 

6,067 


1904 

53 

4,108 

3 

222 

3,883 

36,288 

14,433 

327 

1,683 

6,154 

10,962 

4,808 


1899 

51 

3,399 

19 

196 

3,184 

28,517 

7,873 

278 

1,118 

3,769 

6,544 

2,775 

Pennsylvania. 

1909 

62 

7,196 

32 

508 

6,656 

66,910 

27,747 

820 

3,303 

11,398 

19,873 

8,475 


1904 

65 

6,283 

53 

324 

5,906 

54,837 

21,469 

518 

2,839 

8,510 

15,411 

6,901 


1899 

73 

5; 195 

74 

281 

4,840 

41,849 

16,424 

385 

1,989 

6,374 

12,268 

5,894 

Vermont. 

1909 

25 

1,133 

22 

81 

1,030 

38.191 

8,432 

141 

594 

2.455 

3.902 

1,447 


1904 

28 

1,399 

20 

99 

1,280 

42,952 

5,629 

123 

617 

2,540 

3,831 

1.291 


1899 

27 

1,320 

16 

88 

1,216 

34,526 

4,854 

129 

571 

1,685 

3,385 

1,700 

Virginia. 

1909 

9 

981 

1 

68 

912 

9,770 

5,268 

153 

412 

2,148 

3,657 

1,509 


1904 

9 

1,058 


65 

993 

7,800 

5,517 

134 

363 

1,789 

3,034 

1,245 


1899 

7 

336 


34 

302 

6 ,345 

2,282 

58 

103 

411 

850 

439 

West Virginia. 

1909 

9 

1,221 

2 

57 

1,162 

11,025 

3,603 

97 

478 

1,683 

2,652 

969 


1904 

7 

585 

3 

37 

545 

4,575 

2,215 

47 

230 

760 

1.298 

538 


1899 

6 

305 

2 

22 

281 

4,785 

926 

26 

98 

274 

528 

254 

Wisconsin. 

1909 

57 

7,878 

1 

410 

7,467 

136,903 

33,738 

731 

3,891 

16,693 

25,962 

9,269 


1904 

52 

6,627 

2 

287 

6,338 

105,940 

24,409 

435 

2,988 

10,692 

17,844 

7,152 


1899 

47 

4,442 

3 

199 

4,240 

76,876 

16,580 

308 

1,649 

6,713 

10,896 

4,183 

All other states. 

1909 

18 

3,141 

4 

224 

2,913 

59,586 

16,246 

364 

1,677 

5,456 

9,362 

3,906 


1904 

12 

1,445 

2 

106 

1,337 

18,745 

6,310 

226 

703 

1,700 

3,466 

1,766 


1899 

21 

1,471 

14 

81 

1,376 

20,807 

4,766 

165 

535 

1.210 

2,516 

1,306 


1 Figures can not be shown without disclosing individual operations. 










































































16 


MANUFACTURES. 


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



0 029 804 723 8 


PAPER AND WOOD PULP—DETAILED STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1909. 


Tabic 26 

STATE. 

■Num¬ 
ber of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ments. 



PERSONS ENGAGED 

IN INDUSTRY. 




Total. 

Pro¬ 

prie¬ 

tors 

and 

firm 

mem¬ 

bers. 

Sala¬ 

ried 

officers, 

super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents, 

and 

man¬ 

agers. 

Clerks. 

Wage earners. 

Male. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

Average 

number. 

Number, 1 , 

Maximum 

month. 

5th day of— 

Minimum 

month. 

United States. .. 

777 

81,473 

250 

2,048 

2,393 

804 

75,978 

De 

77,430 

Au 

74,517 

California. 

4 

340 

2 

10 

11 

5 

312 

De 

330 

Oc 

285 

Connecticut. 

51 

1,920 

24 

95 

51 

30 

1,720 

De 

1,861 

Ja 

1,638 

Delaware. 

6 

599 

4 

14 

27 

8 

546 

Mh 

567 

Je 1 

530 

Illinois. 

19 

1,542 

3 

50 

69 

23 

1,397 

No 

1,541 

Ja 

1,183 

Indiana. 

27 

1,627 

7 

56 

44 

19 

1,501 

De 

1,661 

My 

1,402 

Iowa. 

4 

225 


12 

4 

4 

205 

Mh 

243 

Jv 

134 

Kansas. 

3 

109 

1 

6 

3 

2 

97 

Fe 

133 

iAu 

42 

Maine. 

45 

9,146 

17 

165 

252 

65 

8,647 

De 

8,841 

Se 

8 ,334 

Maryland. 

13 

1,349 

15 

31 

46 

8 

1,249 

No 

1,290 

Ja 

1,158 

Massachusetts. 

88 

13,742 

24 

268 

401 

201 

12,848 

De 

13,234 

Jy 

12,611 

Michigan. 

32 

4,581 

5 

95 

120 

34 

4,327 

Je 

4,480 

Mh 

4,168 

Minnesota. 

9 

640 


20 

11 

2 

607 

Je 

638 

Ja 

541 

New Hampshire. 

34 

3,668 

13 

88 

139 

15 

3,413 

Oc 

3,618 

Au 

3,255 

New Jersey. 

37 

2,445 

11 

81 

89 

41 

2,223 

No 

2,344 

Ja 

2,100 

New York. 

178 

13,018 

59 

425 

352 

109 

12,073 

My 

12,788 

Au 

11,433 

Ohio. 

47 

4,972 

3 

126 

108 

62 

4,673 

De 

4,811 

My 

4,528 

Pennsylvania. 

62 

7,196 

32 

167 

250 

91 

6,656 

No 

6,916 

Fe 

6,481 

Vermont. 

25 

1,133 

22 

44 

24 

13 

1,030 

' 7 

Mh 

1,133 

Au 

885 

Virginia. 

9 

981 

1 

34 

28 

6 

912 

Au 

997 

My 

> 865 

West Virginia. 

9 

1,221 

2 

29 

24 

4 

1,162 

All 

1,311 

Ap 

1,050 

Wisconsin. 

57 

7.S78 

1 

160 

210 

40 

7,467 

De 

7,716 

Ja 

7,161 

All other states 2 

18 

3,141 

4 

72 

130 

22 

2,913 















WAGE EARNERS—DEC. 15, OR NEAREST 
REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 


Total. 


78,672 

330 

1,868 

559 

1,5"5 

1,668 

183 

106 

8,892 

1,247 

13,313 

4,395 

618 

3,423 

2,348 

12,531 

4,796 

6,842 

1,113 

935 

1,202 

7,629 

3,099 


16 and over. 

Under 16. 

Male. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

Male. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

68,497 

9,909 

107 

159 

324 

6 



1,573 

282 

7 

6 

479 

80 



1,552 

19 

4 


1,577 

85 

4 

2 

169 

14 



87 

19 



8,399 

477 

16 


1,091 

154 

2 


8,673 

4,508 

22 

110 

3,618 

777 



608 

10 



3,292 

131 



2 ,148 

168 

14 

18 

12,100 

431 



4 ,055 

737 

3 

1 

6,064 

744 

17 

17 

1,035 

78 



838 

94 

3 


1,155 

47 



6,655 

958 

13 

3 

3,005 

90 

2 

2 


Primary 

horse¬ 

power. 


1,304,265 

7,163 
19,509 
4,318 
15,169 
18,382 

1,435 
920 
223,787 
11,407 
115,792 

48,700 
23,440 
79,912 
22,996 

337,548 
51,402 
66,910 
38,191 

9,770 
11,025 
136,903 
59,586 


STATE. 


United States.. 

California. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

N ew Hampshire 
New Jersey. 

New York. 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

West Virginia.. 

Wisconsin. 

All other states 2 .... 


Capital. 


$409,348,505 

2,068,048 
7,194,953 
3,313,559 
8,400,333 
7,131,771 

673,226 
329,513 
65,133,247 
8,398,665 
42,523,682 

15,754,419 
3,234,935 
27,533,569 
10,741,820 

90,911,790 
20,969,694 
27,746,888 
8,431,703 

5,267,553 
3,603,392 
33,737,744 
16,248,001 


EXPENSES. 


Total. 


$237,310,150 

757,198 
5,085,020 
2,027,287 
4,567,670 
4,872,964 

425,661 
219.375 
29,289,896 
4,253,865 
34,670,185 

12,417,132 
2,028,591 
12,857,734 
7,024,916 

43,775,408 
15.515,130 
17,494,422 
3,462,582 

2,969,729 
2,471,610 
22,746,558 
8,377,217 


Services. 


Officials. 


$6,268,319 

25,840 
268,589 
27,186 
118,514 
118,046 

21,679 
10,098 
650.926 
63,250 
1,093,532 

284,879 
48,983 
293,719 
315,768 

997,937 
404,240 
538,035 
111,090 

112,430 
61,217 
484,297 
218,064 


Clerks. 


$3,241,822 

10,410 
82,111 
34,021 
81,299 
55,161 

2,969 
3,712 
368,018 
77,076 
596,738 

137,803 
15,360 
191,762 
140,006 

473,213 
192,088 
282,227 
29,922 

40,751 
36,046 
246,771 
144,358 


Wage 

earners. 


$40,804,502 

206,622 
923,600 
309,591 
727,420 
753,755 

81,234 
46,430 
5,266,656 
639,057 
6,541,636 

2,141,844 
360,986 
2,105,769 
1,181,485 

6,743,806 
2,419,215 
3,303,034 
593,752 

412,122 
478,113 
3,891,469 
1,676,906 


Materials. 


Fuel and 
rent of 
power. 


$18,320,266 

99,432 
407,218 
155.160 
320,352 
408,737 

48,175 
13,097 
2,628,561 
236,571 
2,331,897 

958,147 
162,937 
1,019,534 
597,233 

3,028,118 
1.049,097 
1,544,116 
243,335 

194,063 
204,818 
1,616,021 
1,053,647 


Other. 


$147,122,075 

340,963 
2,896,198 
1,432,013 
2,779,0S8 
3,088,408 

232,639 
107,309 
17,875,652 
3,041,851 
20,017,716 

8,066,448 
1,274,839 
8,233,835 
4,171,518 

28,739,165 
9,849,188 
9,854,195 
2,212,020 

1,954,309 
1,478,601 
15,076,544 
4,399,576 


Miscellaneous. 


Rent of 
factory. 


$635,461 

2.505 

2,412 


8,080 
13,153 


525,124 
’ 12,‘ 195 


4,457 

15,900 

38,690 

4,800 

2,485 

2,300 


2,060 

1,300 


Taxes, 

including 

internal 

revenue. 


$2,002,079 

6,554 
31,003 
6,462 
17,723 
22,615 

1,798 
2,430 
282,020 
9,974 
395,610 

113,847 
20,807 
113,368 
35,585 

352,660 
86,867 
59,591 
36,324 

13,272 
23,392 
299,600 
70,577 


Contract 

work. 


$527,915 


9,314 


3.927 
24^ 925 

1,600 

S4,873 

280,594 

46,253 

.921 


21,216 
10,768 

130 


16,000 
23,164 
4,230 


Other. 


$18,387,711 

64,872 
464,575 
62,854 
511,267 
388,164 

35,567 
36,299 
1,608,066 
186,086 
3,400,267 

667,911 
144,679 
894,369 
567,421 

3,380,603 
1,498,867 
1,910,609 
233,839 

242,782 
173,423 
1,106,632 
808,559 


Value of 
products. 


$267,656,964 

969,172 
5,527,334 
2,291,728 
4,983,075 
5,202,330 

437,388 
217,982 
33,950,230 
4,894,401 
40,096,713 

13,922,124 
2,385,026 
13,994,251 
7,554,428 

48,859,610 
16,965,260 
19,872,717 
3,901,634 

3,656,745 
2,652,037 
25,962,099 
9,360,680 


Value 
added by 
manu¬ 
facture 
(value of 
products 
less cost of 
materials). 


$102,214,623 

528,777 
2,223,918 
704,555 
1.883,635 
1,705,185 

156,574 
97,576 
13,446.017 
1,615,979 
17,747,100 

4,897,529 
947,250 
4,740,882 
2,785,677 

17,092,327 
6,066,975 
8,474.406 
1,446,279 

1,508,373 
968,618 
9,269,534 
3,907,457 


1 Same number reported for one or more other months. 

2 All other states embrace: District of Columbia, 1 establishment; Georgia, 1; Louisiana,1; Missouri,1; North Carolina, 3; Oregon, 5; Rhode Island, 1; South Carolina 
1; Texas, 2; Washington, 2. 

















































































































































































































